Summary
Data Science and Society MidTerm Exam Summary
- Course
- Institution
This summary provides an indepth summary of the lectures, literature, & assignments in the course Data Science and Society.
[Show more]
Seller
Followsamoyediran4
Reviews received
Content preview
Data Science & SocietyMid-Term Exam
,Week 1
Lecture: Catching up with SQL
● Some definitions
○ Create: Creation of database objects
○ Alter: Modify the structure and/or the characteristics of database objects
○ Drop: Deletion of database objects
○ Truncate: Deletion of data in tables without altering the structure
● The core parts of SQL:
○ Data definition language (DDL): Used to define database structures
■ CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE
○ Data manipulation language (DML): define, update and request data (queries)
■ INSERT (add row), UPDATE (modify values in existing row/collection of
rows), DELETE (delete a row/collection of rows), SELECT (select rows),
DISTINCT (addition to select, to prevent duplicate rows are shown),
WHERE (addition for criteria records should meet), AND/OR/NOT
(addition for multiple matching criteria), BETWEEN (self-explanatory),
ORDER BY (to sort results), GROUP BY (for subtotals), HAVING (to limit
how much data is shown)
■ Built-in SQL functions
● COUNT: the number of rows that match the criteria
● MIN: minimal value in certain column
● MAX: maximum value in certain column
● SUM: of values in certain column
● AVG: average of values in certain column
■ A query retrieves data from one or more tables and creates a new
(temporary) table
■ Subqueries are queries that are used as input for another query
2
,Literature: Fundamentals of Information Systems
(Stair & Reynolds, 2012)
Lot of terminology, not that important I think.
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Information Systems in
Organizations
● Data consists of raw facts (such as alphanumeric data, image data, audio data)
● Information is a collection of facts organized and processed so that they have
additional value beyond the value of the individual facts
● The process of defining relationships among data to create useful information
requires knowledge. Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of a set of
information and the ways that information can be made useful to support a specific
task or reach a decision
● Knowledge workers are people who create, use and disseminate knowledge
● Knowledge management system is an organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases and devices used to create, store and use the organization’s
knowledge and experience
● To be valuable to managers and decision makers, information should be accessible,
accurate, complete, relatively economical to produce, flexible, relevant, reliable,
secure, simple, timely and verifiable
● An information system (IS) is a set of interrelated components that collect (input),
manipulate (process), store and disseminate (output) data and information and
provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective -> used by businesses to
increase revenues (forecasting)
○ Input: Activity of gathering and capturing raw data
○ Processing: Converting or transforming data into useful output by means of
calculations, comparing data, storing data etc.
○ Output: Involves producing useful information, usually in the form of
documents and reports
○ Feedback: Output that is used to make changes to input or processing
activities
○ Forecasting: Use output to predict future events and avoid problems
● Computer-based information system (CBIS): A single set of hardware, software,
databases, telecommunications, people and procedures that are configured to
collect, manipulate, store and process data into information
● Technology infrastructure: All the hardware, software, databases,
telecommunications, people and procedures that are configured to collect,
manipulate, store and process data into information
○ Hardware: The physical components of a computer that perform the input,
processing, storage and output activities
○ Software: Consists of the computer programs that govern the operation of the
computer
■ System software: Controls basic computer operations (start-up,
printing etc.)
■ Applications software: Allows you to accomplish specific tasks
○ Database: Organized collection of facts and information
○ Telecommunications: The electronic transmission of signals for
communications; enables organizations to carry out their processes and tasks
through effective computer networks
○ Networks: Computers and equipment that are connected in a building
3
, ○ Internet: World’s largest computer network, consisting of thousands of
interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information
○ Intranet: An internal network based on Web technologies that allows people
within an organization to exchange information and work on projects
○ Extranet: A network based on Web technologies that allows selected
outsiders, such as business partners and customers, to access authorized
resources of company’s intranet.
○ People: Information systems personnel include all the people who manage,
run, program and maintain the system, including the CIO, who manages the IS
department
○ Procedures: The strategies, policies, methods and rules for using a CBIS
● Business Information Systems: are often integrated in one product and can be
delivered by the same software package
○ E-commerce: Any business transaction executed electronically between
companies (B2B), companies and consumers (B2C) and consumers and
consumers (C2C), business and public sector, and consumers and public
sector.
■ With mobile commerce (m-commerce) people can use cell phones to
pay for goods and services anywhere, anytime
■ Electronic procurement (e-procurement) involves using information
systems and the internet to acquire parts and supplies
■ Electronic business (e-business) uses information systems and the
internet to perform all business-related tasks and functions
○ Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): An organized collection of people,
procedures, software, databases and devices used to perform and record
business transactions
■ Transaction: Any business-related exchange such as payments to
employees, sales to customers and payments to suppliers
○ Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): A set of integrated programs capable of
managing a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global
organization
■ The benefits of an effective TPS or ERP include reduced processing
costs and reductions in needed personnel
○ Management Information Systems (MIS): Organized collection of people,
procedures, software, databases and devices that provides routine
information to managers and decision makers -> Focus on operational
efficiency -> Doing things right
○ Decision Support Systems (DSS): Organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases and devices used to support problem-specific decision
making -> Focus on effective decisions -> Do the right thing
● Specialized Business Information Systems: Specialized systems
○ Knowledge Management System (KMS): Organized collection of people,
procedures, software, databases and devices to create, store, share and use
the organization’s knowledge and experience
○ Artificial Intelligence (AI): A field in which the computer system takes on the
characteristics of human intelligence
○ Expert Systems: A system that gives a computer the ability to make
suggestions and function like an expert in a particular field
■ The collection of data, rules, procedures and relationships that must
be followed to achieve value or the proper outcome is called the
knowledge base
○ Virtual Reality: The simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be
experienced visually in three dimensions.
● Systems development is the activity of creating or modifying information systems
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller samoyediran4. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $8.14. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67232 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now