FSE 112 Exam with Questions and 100% Correct Solutions

FSE 112 Exam with Questions and 100% Correct Solutions Explain the types of canopic jars and the different designs on their lids or covers: - Answer The canopic jars had four heads, each representing four Children of Horus, the hawkheaded god of day. a. MESTHA: the man -headed, protected the stomach and large intestines b. HAPI : the dog headed guarded the small intestine c. TUAMUTEF: the jackal -headed, watched over the lungs and heart d. QEBHSENNUF: the hawk -headed, protected the liver and gall bladder Explain each embalming technique that was practiced by the early Egyptians: A. The most elaborate and expensive process : Step 1 - Answer Step 1. Removal of the brain that was accomplished by introducing a hook shaped spoon through on or all of the orifices of the skull. The skull was then packed with linen strips soaked with resin bitumen. Explain each embalming technique that was practiced by the early Egyptians: A. The most elaborate and expensive process: Step 2 - Answer Step 2. Evisceration through the abdominal incision. The organs and viscera were then washed in wine and spices. The cavity was washed and cleaned wit h the same material. The organs then were returned packed with spices, oils, resins and perfumes or either placed in canopic vases. The incision was closed with a plate of wax or metal on which was engraved, ?Eye of Osiris.? Explain each embalming techniq ue that was practiced by the early Egyptians: A. The most elaborate and expensive process: Step 3 - Answer Step 3. Immersion in natron (sodium salt.) The caustic action of the natron solution caused the nails of the fingers and toes to loosen and fall off . Step 4. Removal from the natron solution. Explain each embalming technique that was practiced by the early Egyptians: A. The most elaborate and expensive process: Step 4 - Answer Step 4. Removal from the natron solution. The immersion time varied from 20-70 days. The body was then cleansed, straightened, dried and exposed to the sun for dehydration. Explain each embalming technique that was practiced by the early Egyptians: A. The most elaborate and expensive process: Step 5 - Answer Step 5. Bandaged and spiced. Bandages were used to wrap the body. The layer of cloth were fastened together with gum or glue and fitted to the body while it was still damp and pliable. Expensive ornaments were then attached to the wrapping and the whole encased in a sarcop hagus of wood or stone as selected by the relatives. Explain each embalming technique that was practiced by the early Egyptians: The second method (less costly) - Answer The body cavities were injected with cedar oil without evisceration. The body was lai d in natrum or natron (a fixed alkali) for 70 days. During this period, the cedar oil dissolved the organs. The organs were removed with the oils at the end of the embalming period. The flesh of the body that was dissolved by the natron, was reduced to pre served skin and bones. Explain each embalming technique that was practiced by the early Egyptians: The third mode (practiced in poorer classes) - Answer The intestines were purged and the body was soaked in a soda solution for seventy days. Lack of person al care to the body destroyed most of the features such as hair, nails, fingers and toes. Others were embalmed by plunging the body into molten bitumen. What fluids/ chemicals/ or substances were used in early Egyptian embalming? - Answer Wine, spices, na tron, perfumes, powder of myrrh and cassia, cedar oil were substances used in Egyptian embalming. A later development resulted in the use of bitumen or pitch. What were the types of coffins that were used in early Egyptian periods? - Answer During the ear lier periods of Egyptian history, mats and skins, reed, wooden and earthenware baskets were used. From the XI dynasty, coffins played an important role in Egyptian burial. They were rectangular and were along the lines of a sarcophagus. Heiroglyphic inscri ptions covered the exterior of the coffin. Between the XII and XVIII dynasties, the shape of the coffin changed to anthropoid (man -resembling) coffin. The face of the dead was reproduced and painted in lifelike resemblance. The final development of this ty pe is seen in the portrait coffin, which had a painted face on a wooden panel instead of a modeled head. What is a "sarcophagus"? - Answer Sarcophagus is the name given by the Greeks to a special marble found in Asia Minor and used in caskets. The term ?sarcophagus? later designated any elaborate burial casket not sunk underground. The oldest know examples ar e from Egypt; they are box shaped with a separate lid. What are "Hieroglyphics"? - Answer Hieroglyphics is a system of writing mainly in pictorial characters. The hieroglyphic system of writing included three separate types of characters: pictographic, sy llabic and alphabetic. Hieroglyphic inscriptions covered the exterior of the coffins. There were inscriptions of prayers, genealogies, religious and magical texts that were intended to help the restoration of the body and to give power to the dead in the a fterlife. Early Egyptian coffins changed to an anthropoidal or anthropomorphical design or shape. What exactly does this mean? - Answer The shape of the coffin resembled that of a man. A person that dealt with the dead in funerary practices during Egypti an times was thought to be of what social standing or class? - Answer The priest (Kher -heb) superintended embalming and funeral arrangements. Who were the individual persons or "specialists" that prepared the body for burial during the period of the early Egyptians? What job did each perform? - Answer 1. The Designer or Painter: