Exam 1: BIO 322 / BIO 322 (Latest Update) Applied Pathophysiology Exam | Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - GCU Question: hypernatremia Answer: high sodium in the blood, diabetes insipidus, hypersecretion of aldosterone retention of sodium ions in exchange for K (hypokalcemia). common manifestations include restlessness, hyperreflexia, Question: hyponatremia Answer: low sodium in the blood, SIADH, kidney or liver dysfunction. common manifestations include lethargy, hyporeflexia Question: hypokalemia Answer: low potassium in the blood, caused by alkalosis, loss of K. manifestations include muscle weakness, depressed and flattened T waves Question: hyperkalemia Answer: low potassium in the blood. caused by acidosis, trauma, decreased renal excretion of K from renal failure. manifestations include tall peaked T waves and muscle twitches Question: hypocalcemia Answer: deficient calcium, caused by vitamin D deficiency or hypoparathyroidism. common manifestations include hyperreflexia and tetany, trousseau sign, LONG QT interval Question: hypercalcemia Answer: excessive calcium caused by hyperparathyroidism or bone metastasis. common manifestations include hyporeflexia, painful bones, renal stones. short QT interval Question: anion gap Answer: normal anion gap is between 10 -12 from (Sodium levels - [chloride + bicarbonate levels]). high anion is anything over 12, caused by DKA or lactic acidosis Question: metabolic acidosis Answer: low pH, HCO3 levels lower than 22 caused by shock, DKA or lactic acidosis. common manifestations include tachycardia, confusion, fatigue and lethargy. compensation could be low carbon dioxide levels
