Bio 180 |110 Quiz Questions Correctly Solved|2024

About when did the first limbs evolve in tetrapods (land-dwelling vertebrates)? - ️️-365 million years ago. According to the figure in the text, about how large will the world human population be in 2050 if the current average fertility rate does not change? - ️️10.8 billion. Are sponges monophyletic or paraphyletic? - ️️Paraphyletic. Are the vertebrates monophyletic? - ️️Yes--they all derive from a common ancestor where the cranium and vertebrae evolved. As a principle in logic, what does parsimony mean? - ️️The simplest explanation is preferred (more complicated explanations are less likely) Chordates are distinguished by four traits: pharyngeal gill slits, muscular tail, notochord, and dorsal nerve cord. What is the functional significance of these traits? - ️️Filter feeding or breathing, and movement. Did lungs first evolve in tetrapods (the first land-dwelling vertebrates)? - ️️No--it evloved in the first bony vertebrates. During hominin evolution, what overall trend occurred in body size? - ️️Larger. For a period in Earth history, there was a single ocean and a single continent. When did this occur? - ️️A period centering on about 225 million years ago. For human populations in the industrialized world, what fertility rate represents the replacement rate? - ️️2.1 Hagfish don't have vertebrae but are considered vertebraes. Why? - ️️Their ancestors had them-- they've been lost in the lineage leading to hagfish. Hagfish, lampreys, and sharks and rays have cartilaginous endoskeletons. Did the first vertebrates have endoskelestons consisting of cartilage or bone? - ️️Cartilage. Hominin evolution is often depicted as a linear chain, with one species replacing another over time? - ️️Incorrect--frequently, several species existed at the same time. Hominins are a monophyletic group defined by which shared, derived character(?) - ️️Bipedalism.