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AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY- ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY- ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024 Empirical formula - ANSWER The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound How to find the empirical formula - ANSWER Obtain the mass of each element present in grams (Element % = mass in g = m) Determine the number of moles of each type of atom present Divide the number of moles of each element by the smallest number of moles Convert numbers to whole numbers. This is the ratio of atoms General formula - ANSWER The simplest algebraic formula that can describe any member of a homologous series Molecular formula - ANSWER The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule Structural formula - ANSWER Uses letter symbols and bonds to show the arrangement of atoms in a compound Displayed formula - ANSWER A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them Skeletal formula - ANSWER A simplified organic formula which only shows the carbon skeleton and functional groups Homologous series - ANSWER Family of chemical that differ from one another by a repeating unit, with the same general formula and similar chemical properties IUPAC rules of nomenclature order - ANSWER Longest carbon chain Unsaturation Functional groups Position of any functional groups Free radical substitution - ANSWER Conditions: UV light Steps: Initiation Propagation Termination Free radical - ANSWER An uncharged molecule, typically highly reactive and short -lived, having an unpaired electron Nucleophile - ANSWER A reactant that provides a pair of electrons form a new covalent bond Lewis base Electrophile - ANSWER A reactant that accepts a pair of electrons top form a new covalent bond Lewis acid Substitution - ANSWER Reaction in which one functional group is replaced by another Addition - ANSWER A reaction where one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule No other products Elimination - ANSWER A reaction in which a molecule loses atoms or groups of atoms Nucleophilic substitution w/OH - - ANSWER Reagent: NaOH Conditions: aqueous, warm What happens: Halogen atom replaced by OH group Nucleophilic substitution w/ CN - - ANSWER Reagent: KCN Conditions: ethanolic, warm What happens: Halogen atom replaced by CN group Nucleophilic substitution w/NH3 - ANSWER Reagent: NH3 Conditions: excess conc. ammonia dissolved in ethanol at pressure in a sealed container What happens: first molecule of NH3 -halogen atom replaced by NH2 group, second molecule of NH3 -leads to formation of NH4X Elimination of halogenoalkanes - ANSWER Reagent: KOH Conditions: ethanolic, hot What happens: the halogen atom and one H atom from an adjacent C is removed to form an alkene Electrophilic addition w/Br2 - ANSWER Reagent: Br2 Conditions: aqueous (like bromine water) What happens: double bond on alkene opens and alkane is produced Electrophilic addition w/H2SO4 - ANSWER Reagent: H2SO4 Conditions: conc H2SO4, cold (room temp) What happens: double bond on alkene opens and alkane is produced Electrophilic addition w/HBr - ANSWER Reagent: HBr Conditions: -
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