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Lecture notes Language and Cognition (Ps210)
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ecture 4 revisionnotesonesandphonetics
onetics referstothestudy ofacoustic propertiesofspeechsoundsandthespecificphysical mechanical biological or
iculatory Processes thatproducethem
Phonetics is aboutphones rather than phonemes
hone aunitof sound in speechthatcanvaryinpitchdurationandintensity theactualsounds we produceun
oeech including variationsdueto accents emotions or context
oneme Thesmallestunitof soundthatcandistinguishwords in a particular languagetheyare crucialfor
stinguishingmeaningbetweenwords For example in English the sounds P1andIb representdifferentphone
causetheycandistinguishwordslike patandbat
ow is phonetics used in psychology
when studying thecognitive processes ofspeechproductionandspeechcomprehension thislevelofdetailis
sometimesneededto
understand theproblemsthatspeakers listenersandlanguage learnersmustsolve
Adequatelydescribethestimulithatareused in experiments
Tostudythe potential uniquenessoflanguage
To understand differencesbetweenhumansand other species in thevocal apparatus musclesect
peech sounds
ounds are madeup of rapidvibrations that canbe characterised visualised as movements back
,andforth in an oscillogram
oscillogram louder higher loudness closertogether
MumffffffffmmwMmm pitch howhigh lowthe oscillogramshows
LIE Iquieter
andlower
Time Largemovementsare louderandhigherfrequencymovementssoun
higher in pitch
Turetones sine waves
perfectly smoothvibration hastheshapeof a sinewaveandproduces a pure
he sound e g a tuningfork
A puretonecontainsonlya single frequency howoftenthesanepattern repeats 40042 400pattern repeats
er second thepitchwe hear is directlylinkedtothis frequency
sinewave
M
mplex sounds
Generally soundsincludingspeech sounds are more complicated not looking like a sinewave
ereis not a single smoothvibration However morecomplex soundscan be redescribed as beingseve
me wavesof differentfrequencyadded together
We
complexwave
ourier analysis
he name givento types of analysis that pickout sinewavesthataddupto the waveform oscillogr
eing analysed
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