ACS ORGO
s orbital
spherical, symmetrical, centered around nucleus
p orbital
dumbbell shaped w node at center
3 orientations (x,y,z)
6 total e-
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noda...
a mathematical function that describes the wavelike nature of the electron
wave function ^2: probability of finding an electron at particular spot
lowest energy
most stable
electrons occupy orbitals in order of
increasing energy
Pauli Exclusion Principle
2 electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins
reason why an orbital can only hold 2 electrons
ionization energy
endothermic
amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
electron affinity
exothermic
amount of energy released for addition of electron to atom
bond dissociation enthalpy
,energy required to break a covalent bond
electrostatic potential map
a way to visualize the charge distribution within a molecule
blue: positive
red: negative
dipole moment
a measure of the separation and magnitude of the positive and negative charges in polar molecule
= amount of charge x distance between centers
isomer
compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures
constitutional/structural isomer
differ in order of connected atoms
stereoisomer
same structural formula, atoms arranged differently in space
resonance structure
true structure for a molecule w two or more contributing structures (lewis formulas that differ only by
distribution of electrons)
due to the fact that electrons are delocalized
must have same number of electrons
electron delocalization
, the sharing of electrons by more than two atoms
stabilizes a molecule
rules of resonance
connectivity must be the same, each structure must have same # of electrons, each structure must have
same # of unpaired electrons, second row elements must follow octet rule
which is the major contributor
structure w greatest # of covalent bonds
structure w smallest separation of oppositely charged atoms
formal charge on appropriate atom (negative charge on most electronegative)
curved arrow use
systematically convert one resonance contributor to another
track electron flow in chemical reaction
single barbed arrow
shows movement of one electron
double barbed arrow
shows movement of a pair of electrons
carbocation
An ion that contains a positively charged carbon atom
electrons move from
electron rich (negative) to electron poor (positive)
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