Summary The Guide to Cambridge IGCSE (Chemistry) Chapter 1
7 views 0 purchase
Course
Chemistry
Institution
Book
Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry
It is a complete summary of the first chapter of the Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry book with added facts that are made simple so that beginners can easily understand newer terms. It is also organized so that it is easier to read.
Chemistry Notes for Chapter 1 — States
of Matter
Table of Contents
• States of Matter
• Kinetic Particle Theory
• Changes in State of Matter and the Kinetic Particle Theory
• Effects of Temperature and Pressure on the Volume of Gas
• Diffusion
• Sources
States of Matter
Everything in this world is made up of matter. Matter is a substance that has mass and occupies
space. Matter can naturally exist in three states: solids, liquids, and gases. These states are called
states of matter. Each state has very different properties.
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Fixed Not fixed Not fixed
Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed
Compressibility Can’t be compressed Can’t be compressed Can be compressed
Substances can exist in different states of matter under the right temperature and pressure
conditions, and changes in temperature and pressure can change these states. For example, when
water freezes, it turns into ice; when boiling, water becomes steam.
Kinetic Particle Theory
The Kinetic Particle Theory states that all matter comprises tiny particles in constant random
motion. ‘Kinetic’ means motion. All particles that are moving have kinetic energy. The kinetic
particle theory:
• Describes the state of matter
• Explain the differences in the properties of solids, liquids, and gases.
• Explain the changes in the state of matter.
Why does a solid have a fixed shape?
According to the kinetic particle theory, the particles of a solid:
, 2
• Are closely packed in a crystal lattice shape and orderly manner
• Are held together by powerful forces of attraction
• Only has a little bit of kinetic energy. It can only vibrate in their fixed positions.
• Cannot move about freely.
Why does a solid have a fixed volume?
A solid has a fixed volume since the particles can’t be compressed and are already very close to one
another because of strong forces of attraction.
Why does a liquid have a fixed volume?
The particles in a liquid are further away from one another than the particles of a solid. However,
the liquid particles are still closely packed together. Thus, a liquid can’t be compressed and has a
fixed volume.
Why does gas not have a fixed volume?
Compared to a solid or a liquid, gas particles have many empty spaces between them. These large
spaces allow them to be efficiently compressed when pressure is applied. Since gas can be
compressed, it doesn’t have a fixed volume.
Changes of State of Matter and the Kinetic Particle
Theory
Matter can change states when it is heated or cooled. Changes of state are physical reactions and
can be reversed. There is no gain or loss of matter when a state changes. An example is water:
When water reaches 0℃, it freezes and turns into ice (solid-state) and vice versa
When water reaches 100℃, it boils and turns into steam (gaseous state) and vice versa.
Process Change of state
Melting Solid -> Liquid
Freezing Liquid -> Solid
Boiling Liquid -> Gas
Evaporation Liquid -> Gas
Condensation Gas -> Liquid
The temperature at which
• A solid melts: Mel�ng point
• A liquid freezes: Freezing point
• A liquid boils: Boiling point
*Editor’s note (made after the first save): Pure substances' melting and boiling points are the same.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller kennethethan. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.18. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
