Microbiology Final Exam Questions And Answers Rated A+ New Update Assured Satisfaction : What are microorganisms? What are germs? What are microorganisms? What are germs? Microorganisms are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Germ refers to a rapidly growing cell. What is aseptic technique and why is it important? Prevents contamination in medicine and microbiology laboratories, in turn, preventing the spread of infectious diseases. What is spontaneous generation? The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life. What is b iogenesis? The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life. What scientists believed in spontaneous generation? John Needham What are fimbriae? Associa ted with GN cells Hair-like appendages Shorter, Straighter, Thinner than flagella What are pili? Pili are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another. What is the cell wall composed of? Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria). N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N -acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Linked by polypeptides Gram positive cell walls Thick peptidoglycan Teichoic acids In acid -fast cells, contains mycolic acid Gram negative cell walls Thin peptidog lycan No teichoic acids Outer membrane What is mycolic acid? A waxy substance that gives acid -fast cells a higher affinity for the primary stain and resistance to the decolorization of acid alcohol. Found in gram positive cells. O polysaccharide of the out er membrane is an antigen (used as species ID) and the the lipid a is an _________________. endotoxin Mycoplasmas Lack cell walls Smallest external bacteria Sterols in plasma membrane protects from osmotic lysis L forms (Lister institute) Defective CW May be induced by chemicals Wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes What is the plasma membrane made of? Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins No sterols (accept in Mycoplasmas) Isotonic water does not move Hypotonic water moves into the cell; cell swells Hypertonic Water moves out of the cell; cell shrinks What is the nuclear area (nucleoid)? What is found there? What isn't found there? Single, long, circular molecule Double stranded DNA No Histones No nuclear envelope DNA attached to PM What is a plasmid? Small, circular, double stranded DNA Extrachromosomal (5 -100 genes) Replicate Independently and contains on crucial genes What is the function of ribosomes? What type of ribosomes do bacteria have? What kinds of antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis? Site of Protein Synthesis 70s in Bacteria (80s in eucaryote) (Streptomycin, neomycin, tetracyclines) What is an endospore? What is the function of an endospore? Do you typically find them in gram positive or gram negative cells?
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