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NR601 MIDTERM LATEST QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS A GRADED
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NR601 MIDTERM LATEST QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS A GRADED
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NR601 MIDTERM LATEST QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWER S A GRADED What are the 3 primary physiological changes of aging? - correct ans -1. Reduced physiological reserve of most body systems, esp. cardiac, resp, renal. 2. Reduced homeostatic mechanisms that fail to adjust regulatory systems (i.e. temp control, fluid/lyte balance , etc.). 3. Impaired immunological function (infection risk is greater, autoimmune dz's more prevalent) What is the preferred amount of exercise for elderly? - correct ans -30min/day 5 days/wk of moderate exercise. If trying to lose wt: 60min/day. What are PFT s? - correct ans -Group of tests that provide quantifiable measurement of lung function, used to dx resp abnormalities or assess progression/resolution of lung dz. What is FEV1? - correct ans -Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (80 -120%) What is FVC? - correct ans -Forced Vit al Capacity (80 -120%) What is normal FEV1/FVC ratio? - correct ans -<0.7 (70%) What is GOLD 1 criteria? - correct ans -Mild FEV1 >/= 80% predicted What is GOLD 2 criteria? - correct ans -Moderate FEV1 50 -79% predicted What is GOLD 3 criteria? - correct ans -Severe FEV1 30 -49% predicted What is GOLD 4 criteria? - correct ans -Very severe FEV1 <30% predicted What are the signal symptoms of COPD? - correct ans -Dyspnea Chronic cough w/sputum Decreased activity tolerance Wheezing What are characteristics of COPD? - correct ans -Common, prev entable, treatable. Characterized by persistent airflow limitation. Usually progressive, associated with enhanced chronic inflammatory response in airways and lungs to noxious particles/gases Airway fibrosis, luminal plugs, airway inflammation, increase d airway resistance, small airway dz. Decreased elastic recoil of alveoli. What are risk factors for COPD? - correct ans -Smoking (increasing w/number of pack years) Second hand smoke Environmental pollution (endotoxins, coal dust, mineral dust) What is seen on phys exam in COPD? - correct ans -May be normal in early states As severity progresses: lung hyperinflation, decreased breath sounds, wheezes at bases, distant heart tones (b/c of hyperinflation, so S1/S2 sounds off in distance), accessory muscle use, pursed lip breathing, increased expiratory phase, neck vein distenti on. How is COPD diagnosed? - correct ans -Spirometry is gold standard (pre and post bronchodilator). Irreversible airflow limitation is hallmark. How is COPD treated? - correct ans -Bronchodilators: beta agonists (long/short), anticholinergics (long/short), or combo. What is the MOA of beta agonists? - correct ans -Stimulates beta -2-adrenergic receptors, increasing cyclic AMP, resulting in relaxing airways. What is the MOA of anticholinergics? - correct ans -Block the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic type 3 receptors, resulting i n bronchodilation. Why are long -acting beta agonists prescribed for COPD? - correct ans -They are for moderate airflow limitation. They relieve symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, reduce number of exacerbations, improve QOL. What are some non pulmonary diagn oses that result in COPD -type symptoms? - correct ans -CHF Hyperventilation syndrome Panic attacks Vocal cord dysfunction Obstructive sleep apnea Aspergillosis Chronic fatigue syndrome What are signal symptoms of asthma? - correct ans -Wheezing Shortness of breath Cough (esp at night) Chest tightness What is chronic bronchitis? - correct ans -Daily chronic cough w/increased sputum for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years. Usually worse on wakening. May or may not be associated with COPD. What is emphysema? - correct ans -Characterized by obstruction to airflow caused by abnormal airspace enlargement distal to terminal bronchioles. Chronic inflammation/remodeling, trapping air, hindering effective O2/CO2 exchange (all due to inflammatory mediators infiltrating airways). What are signal symptoms of ischemic heart dz? - correct ans -Chest pain Chest tightness Chest discomfort What is ischemic heart dz? - correct ans -Imbalance between supply and demand for blood flow to myocardium What are signal symptoms of lung CA? - correct ans -Cough Dyspnea Wt loss Anorexia HemoptysisThe benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
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