PATHO Week 6 - Respiratory Disorders With Correct Answers

Respiratory system - Correct Answer - Upper: (contains flora that acts as first line of defense) nose/mouth (includes nasal cavity cilia), nasopharynx (back of nasal cavity; includes tonsils which are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system), oropharynx (back of the mouth) - Laryngeal pharynx: includes larynx, vocal cords, epiglottis - Lower: (is sterile) trachea (kept stable by c-shape rings or cartilage), bronchi/bronchioles, alveoli (air-sacs where gas exchange takes place) Respiratory defenses - Correct Answer - Nasal turbinates (lined with hairs/cilia/mucus to trap dust and dirt) - Cilia (found in both upper and lower airways) - Mucosal lining (found in the ovo-/nasopharynx) - Irritant receptors (initiates sneezes and coughs) (sneeze: from upper part of respiratory tract; cough: from lower part) - Immune protection (mononuclear phagocyte system) - Resident flora (found in the upper respiratory system; when patient is on antibiotics, this flora is killed off too) Ventilation - Correct Answer - One of the two functions of the respiratory system - Involves both acquiring oxygen (inspiration) and removing of carbon dioxide (expiration) from the blood - Goal is to acquire O2 needed for cell metabolism and remove CO2 needed to maintain pH and optimal cell functioning - Can be altered by: obstruction or restriction of airflow (ex. from bronchoconstriction, suffocation); inhibition of neuronal stimulation and mechanics of breathing (ex. from drug overdose, cervical nerve damage) (these lead to blocked or inhibited airflow ultimately potentially causing hypoxemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia acidosis cell death) Inspiration - Correct Answer Chest expansion using the intercostal muscles, diaphragm, and sternocleidomastoid muscles (when these muscles are initiated, this creates negative pressure in the chest cavity, causing air to flow in (as air moves along the pressure gradient from high to low)) Expiration - Correct Answer Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles Pul