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Sociaal kapitaal en netwerken - samenvatting colleges - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 2019/2020

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  • Course
  • Sociaal kapitaal en netwerken (S_SKN)
  • Institution
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)

Dit document bevat alle lecture slides overgetypt, inclusief de belangrijke tabellen e.d. Vak is gegeven aan de VU in Amsterdam, collegejaar 2019/2020

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Document information

  • October 8, 2019
  • 34
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

Subjects

  • sociaal kapitaal
  • skn
  • vu amsterdam
  • sociaal kapitaal en netwerken
  • vu

Written for

  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
  • Bestuurs- En Organsatiewetenschappen
  • Sociaal kapitaal en netwerken (S_SKN)
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Sociaal kapitaal en netwerken 2019/2020
Samenvatting lectures



Inhoudsopgave
College 1 - Introductie ................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Lecture slides .................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Netwerken ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

College 2 – Sociaal Kapitaal ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
Lecture slides .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Sociaal kapitaal .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Verschil toegang tot en mobiliseren van SK .............................................................................................................................. 4
Hoe sociale netwerken en hulpbronnen in kaart brengen ........................................................................................................ 5
Basisbegrippen tav sociale netwerken (graph, node, tie) ......................................................................................................... 5
Basisbegrippen tav social ties (homophily, foci) ....................................................................................................................... 5

College 3 – Netwerken ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Lecture slides .................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Netwerkperspectief ................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Basisbegrippen netwerken ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
Verschillende soorten ties ......................................................................................................................................................... 8

College 4 – Arbeidsmarkt en gezondheid .................................................................................................................................. 10
Lecture slides ................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Verschil tussen bridging en bonding SK................................................................................................................................... 10
Hoe leidt SK tot instrumentele uitkomsten en ongelijkheid ................................................................................................... 10
Arbeidsmarkt (oftewel instrumentele uitkomsten) ................................................................................................................ 10
Op welke manieren sociale contacten gezondheid & welzijn beïnvloeden ............................................................................ 12
Sociale relaties en gezondheid ................................................................................................................................................ 12
Hoe eenzaamheid tot stand komt en hoe het zich verhoudt tot SK ....................................................................................... 13

College 5 - Generatoren............................................................................................................................................................ 14
Name generator, position generator + resource generator ......................................................................................................... 14

College 6 – Netwerkstructuren ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Lecture slides ................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Verschillende netwerkstructuren ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Whole network: small world networks ................................................................................................................................... 15
Whole network: Core-periphery ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Netwerkmaten ........................................................................................................................................................................ 17

College 7 – Sociale netwerkanalyse (SNA) ................................................................................................................................ 18
Lecture slides ................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Grenzen van netwerken .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Mogelijkheden voor dataverzameling ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Verschillende soorten banden ................................................................................................................................................ 19
Organiseren van netwerkdata ................................................................................................................................................. 19
Netwerkmaten ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20

College 8 – Sociaal kapitaal en netwerk op verschillende niveaus ............................................................................................ 21
Lecture slides ................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Sociaal kapitaal op meso niveau ............................................................................................................................................. 21
Robert Putnam ........................................................................................................................................................................ 21
1

, Overheid en SK ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Effect netwerkstructuur op individueel SK .............................................................................................................................. 22
Coleman en netwerkdichtheid ................................................................................................................................................ 23

College 8 – Sociaal kapitaal en netwerk op verschillende niveaus ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Lecture slides .................................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sociaal kapitaal op meso niveau ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Robert Putnam ............................................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overheid en SK ............................................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Effect netwerkstructuur op individueel SK .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Coleman en netwerkdichtheid .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

College 9 – Netwerken en organisaties ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Lecture slides ................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Belangrijke thema’s in organisatieonderzoek ......................................................................................................................... 24
Open en gesloten organisatienetwerken ................................................................................................................................ 24

College 11 – Vertrouwen .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Lecture slides ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Persoonlijk vertrouwen en basisconcepten ............................................................................................................................ 25
Sociaal vertrouwen (generalized trust) ................................................................................................................................... 26

College 12 – Decline of community en de opkomst van het internet ........................................................................................ 28
Lecture slides ................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
Eenzaamheid ........................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Bowling alone en de decline of community ............................................................................................................................ 28
Individualisering ...................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Het internet en nieuwe contacten opdoen ............................................................................................................................. 30

College 13 – Sociale media en support ..................................................................................................................................... 31
Lecture slides ................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Online dating ........................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Media richness ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Online self-disclosure .............................................................................................................................................................. 31
Online hulpbronnen ................................................................................................................................................................ 33




2

,College 1 - Introductie
Lecture slides

Netwerken
Wat zijn netwerken?
- Patronen van relaties
- Positie in het netwerk afhankelijk van anderen
- Via het sociale netwerk hebben anderen expliciet (beslissing nemen van iemand, machtspositie) en
impliciet (taken for granted) invloed op je eigen leven

Waarom netwerken belangrijk?
- Netwerken beïnvloeden je hele leven, ook al heb je dat niet door
o Voor welke organisatie je werkt
o Maken van keuzes
o Op wie je stemt (sterkste voorspeller is religie)

Mensen afhankelijk van elkaar, al heel lang
- 1890 - begin onderzoek naar netwerken (Durkheim, Simmel)
- 1920/1950 - antropologie, sociologie, sociale psychologie, empirische studies
- 1950/1980 - diversificatie theorieën, empirische ontwikkelingen (opkomst matrix)
- Na 1980 – sociaal kapitaal, grootschalige surveys, belangrijke theorieën




3

, College 2 – Sociaal Kapitaal
Lecture slides

Sociaal kapitaal
Sociaal kapitaal - Social capital is defined as resources embedded in one’s social networks, resources that
can be accessed or mobilized through ties in the networks” and “then generate a return for the actor (Nan
Lin)
- Vb. Hulpbron in een netwerk waar je iets mee kan
o Advies, troost, praktische hulp, invloed, taal, sense of sharing (common problem)
→ gebruiken om doel te bereiken in je leven

Boek Sociale Netwerken: In het kort komt deze theorie erop neer dat mensen relaties met anderen
aangaan omdat deze een specifieke vorm van kapitaal vormen. Door deze relaties kunnen mensen hulp
krijgen en zodoende uiteenlopende doelen bereiken die ze anders niet of moeilijker zouden kunnen
bereiken. (p.22-23)

Belangrijkste constateringen
- SK komt voort uit sociale netwerken
o Wie je kent en wat hebben zij te bieden
o Netwerkkenmerken en posities (komt later)
- SK is geen uitkomst
o Echter: SK kan worden gemobiliseerd om een uitkomst te bereiken

Sociale netwerken → hulpbronnen → uitkomsten

Waarom ‘kapitaal’?
- Benadrukt waarde sociale relaties (metafoor)
- Investeren
o Boek sociale netwerken: mensen investeren in SK als ze beter leven door krijgen
o Doorlopende sociale interacties (doelbewust of ‘bijeffect’)
o Accumuleren mogelijk, maar devalueren ook
- Ruilmiddel?
o Coleman: ‘credit slip’ → tegoedbon
- Soms alternatief financieel kapitaal
o Vb. kinderoppas nodig
▪ Huur betaalde oppas in (financieel kapitaal)
▪ Vraag goede vrienden of moeder (sociaal kapitaal)

Verschil toegang tot en mobiliseren van SK
Accessed vs mobilzed (toelichting op definitie Lin)
- Accessed → proces van sociale netwerken toegang tot hulpbronnen
- Mobilized → proces van hulpbronnen naar uitkomsten, die feitelijk worden ingezet
- Aanwezig vs feitelijk ingezet
o Vb. ik ken een vermogend iemand, maar die wil mij geen geld lenen
- Soms kan aanwezigheid al effect hebben
o Perceived: goed netwerk, mensen kunnen helpen als het nodig is (accessed)
o Received: uitkomsten vaak vrij onduidelijk (mobilized)
▪ Vb. met perceived (social) support vs. received support (a friend in need is a friend
indeed)
o Perceived en received support kunnen beide welzijn vergroten
4

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