MEMORY FOUNDATIONS AND APPLICATIONS: CHAPTER 11: MEMORY IN CHILDHOOD QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLU TIONS 2024 Visual recognition - ANSWER Infants look selectively at novel stimuli over familiar stimuli. Novelty preference - ANSWER Bias to look at things that are new. Researchers can tell when an infant remembers something, because the novelty preference will not be present. Nonnutritive sucking - ANSWER Infants such a pacifier differentially in the presence of a novel stimulus compared to a familiar stimulus Conjugate reinforcement technique - ANSWER A ribbon is attached to the infant's foot and eventually will be attached to a mobile placed overhead. Kicking behavior is observed to measure learning and memory Imitation - ANSWER Mimicking the actions of another Semantic memory - ANSWER Develops rapidly during the first year of life. Research suggests that by age three to four months, Infants are starting to understand categorization and to group objects together into specific concepts, such as by making the cat/d og distinction (Eimas &Quinn, 1994). Early semantic memory appears limited. For example, Infants cannot acquire superordinate categories, but semantic memory, perhaps in association with lexical memory, appears to develop early in infancy. Episodic memory - ANSWER Performance in the conjugate reinforcement tasks suggests that infants can learn based on a single event and maintain that knowledge across a long -term memory retention interval. Similarly, infants can imitate behavior only once. T herefore, infants satisfy one of the conditions whereby memory is considered to be episodic. They can learn based on unique single events. However, given their lack of verbal abilities, it is difficult to determine whether infants are aware of the past eve nt when they begin kicking at the sight of the mobile or engaging in the imitation behavior. It is possible these memories are mediated by conditioning and not by a cognitive mechanism of episodic memory. Thus, it is likely that true episodic memory is not online until at least the second year of a person's life. Section summary - ANSWER Infancy and early childhood are times of rapid cognitive growth. Memory develops rapidly during this time. Studying infant memory is fraught with difficulties, because infants can not yet use language. To study memory in infancy, r esearchers use visual recognition, non -nutritive sucking, conjugate reinforcement technique, and imitation. Novelty preference is a bias to look at things that are new in a visual recognition task. Visual recognition tasks are when infants look selectively at novel stimuli over familiar stimuli. Researchers can tell when an infant remembers something, because the novelty preference will not be present. The conjugate reinforcement technique uses a ribbon attached to the infant's foot, which will be attached to a mobile placed overhead. Kicking behavior is observed to measure learning and memory. Imitation is defined as the mimicking the actions of another. Language learning takes place quickly, and by age one year, most infants are starting to understand lang uage. De Barbaro, Clackson, and Wass (2016) examined infant novelty preferences in response to external stressors. They found that - ANSWER a. stressed infants showed longer novelty preferences b.stressed infants showed shorter novelty preferences c. stressed infants were more affected by attentional manipulations d. all of the above are true answer. a In the conjugate reinforcement technique, memory is measured by - ANSWER a. seeing if the infant kicks the mobile when it is placed again in the crib b. seeing if the infant imitates the action of the experimenter c. seeing if the infant has novelty preference for familiar faces d. seeing if the infant has familiarity preferences for novel faces answer. a Infants as young as six months seem to show an ability to - ANSWER a. distinguish phonemes from the language their parents speak from similar phonemes of other languages b. look preferentially at a video of their father rather than a video of another man c. remember a particular mobile in the conjugate -reinforcement task up to two weeks later d. all of the above are true answer. d
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Performance. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $16.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
