EDF 6225 exam 1
1. science Systematic approach for seeking & organizing knowledge
about the natural world
2. purpose of sci-
ence
Tæo achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena
under study
3. ABA seeks to discover the real truths (not those held by certain groups,
organizations, etc...
EDF 6225 exam 1 1. science Systematic approach for seeking & organizing knowledge about the natural world 2. purpose of sci- ence Tæo achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study 3. ABA seeks to discover the real truths (not those held by certain groups, organizations, etc.) 4. Three different types of inves - tigations provide different levels of understanding 5. description 6. prediction 7. control 1. description 2. prediction 3. control Cæollection of facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified, & examined for possible relations with other known facts æOften suggests hypotheses or questions for additional research Ræelati ve probability that when one event occurs, another event will or will not occur æBased on repeated observation revealing relationships between various events æDemonstrates correlation between events æNo causal relationships can be interpreted æEnables preparation Hæighest level of scientific understanding æFunctional relations can be derived Specific change in one event (dependent variable).... Can reliably be produced by specific manipulations of another event (independent variable)... And the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (confounding variables) æEvents can only really be "co-related" Nearly impossible to factor out all other possible "causes" EDF 6225 exam 1 8. attitudes of sci- ence 9. 6 attitudes of sci- ence - Definition of science lies within the behavior of scientists, not the instruments or materials they use - Only known as science due to an overriding idea of "scientific method" - Fundamental assumptions about the nature of events 1. DETERMINISM 2. EMPIRICISM 3. EXPERIMENTATION 4. REPLICATION 5. PARSIMONY 6. PHILOSOPHIC DOUBT 10. determinism - Assumption upon which science is predicted - Presumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as the result of other events - Events do not just occur at will - Events are related in systematic ways 11. empiricism - Practice of objective observation of phenomena of inter- est - What all scientific knowledge is built upon - "Objective" is the key to gaining a better understanding of what is being studied 12. experimentation - Basic strategy in most sciences - Experiment: æControlled comparison of some measure of the phenom - enon of interest (dependent variable) under two of more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (in - dependent variable) differs from one condition to another 13. replication - The repetition of experiments to determine the reliability and usefulness of findings - Includes the repetition of independent variable conditions within experiments - Method for which mistakes are discovered 14. parsimony
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