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summary introduction to behavioral sciences
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SAMENVATTING INLEIDIGN GEDRAGSWETENSCHAPPENNEURON:Phrenology: peoples various abilities could be asserted by examining the shape of the slkull (gevangenis en
criminelen)
Psychology: the scientifitc study of behaviour and experience
Psychology researcher face challenges:
Complexity: the complexity of behaviour physists studying atomic particles typically deal with only a
limited number of particles at once
Self-awareness: psychologists also face challenges related to the human capacity for self-awareness
Reactivity: when studying behaviours people change behaviour because they know your observed.
Causality: if x actually leads to y
Perception: active process involving selection, organization and interpretation
Selective attention: selectively focusing on particular stimulus events
Ambigiuous figure: a picture or other visual stimulus which can be perceived in more than one way.
Gestalt theory: a theory behaviour pioneerd in the early part of the twentieth century by kohler, werheimer
and other, which emphasized the active creative nature of perception and learning
Similarity: a gestalt principle of perceptual organization based on grouping together similar elements.
Proximity a gestalt principle which state that elements which are close together tend to be perceived as a
group.
Closure: in perception the tendency ‘to fill in incomplete patterns to produce a coherent whole
Schema or schemata: a way of organizing mental framework which organisez knowledge belieds and
expectations.
Stereotypes confirmation bias: opzoek naar andere mensen die jouw mening bevestigen
Complementarity: a concept developed by physicists to deal with the existence of two models which are both
useful but not directly reconcible
Functionalism: emphasizes the analysis of the processes by which the mind works
Structuralis: which attempted to anayse the contents of the mind using the introspectionist method
Empirical: based on making observations as in an empirical theory
Theory: a structured set of principles intended to explain a set of phenomena
Induction: specifiek naar algemene theory
Deductie: algemeen naar specifieke theory
Hypothese: mogelijke verklaring
Introspectionism: data verzamelen waar het individu poging to analyse the content of their contious mind
Operationale definition: een definitie die je kan onderzoeken
,Self-report: a method of gathering data which involves asking an individual to describe their behaoubiour or
mental state in some way such as an interview
Think-aloud protocol: gedachten proces bestuderen
Direct observation: onderzoeker doet zelf onderzoek
Research setting, research method,,
Bystander apathy/bystander effect: niet ingrijpen in een noodsituatie
Naturalist observation: a research method based on a natural setting without interfering
Unobstructive measure: an indirect measure of behavour intended to avoid the reactivity which can occur with
direct observation such measures typically require making complex assumptions aout the relationship of the
measure to actual behaviour
Diffusion of responsibility: a lessening of an individuals feeling of responsibility in which involves other people
Correlatie:
1. One variable actually causes changes in the other
2. There is a third factor linking the observed variables
3. The observed pattern is really coincidental, and would not reoccur in an ew settin
case study
quasi-experiment: a research design in which participants are assigned to groups based on variables which
aoont be manipalutaed by the researcher:
obedience to authority
debriefing
milgram
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
Phantom limb: een been weghalen maar nog steeds “gevoel/pijn in het been”
Mind: awarness/conciousness no physical form
Dualism: descart that says mind and body are separate
Materialism: the assumption that all behaviour has a physiological basis
Location of function: the assumption that specific function are associated with specific brain parts
Heredity: the biological transmission of characteristics from one generation to another
Natural selection: Darwin
Mind is mental en brian is fysiek
, NEURON EN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuron a cell of the nervous system
Synaps: the junction between two neurons represented by a small physical gap which is bridged by the flow of
neurotransmitters chemicals from the terminals of the sending neuron
Central nervous system (CNS): the brain en spinal cords
Peripheral nervous system (pns): buiten het CNS involving sensation morot contra land organ regulation
3 soorten neuronen:
- Sensorisch: zintuigen, een richtingsverkeer
- Motorisch: autonomisch,spieren, organen, somatsich
Neurotransmitters: boodschap hersennen in synaps
Interneurons: neuron which are part of the central nervous system
Nerve impulse the electrical signal generated when a neuron is active which normally passes from the
dendrites along the acon to the terminal
HERSENEN
Cortex: the pink somewhat wrinkled outer layer of the brain controlling many of our higher functions like
speech and perception
Frontal lobe: the area of the cortex in front of the central fissure. Involved in the interpretation of emotion and
experience
Frontal motor area: the area of the frontal lobes just before the central fissure controlling voluntary
movements
Parietal lobe: the portion of the cortex just behind the centersense of touch
Association areas: no primary function in cortex
Frontal lobotomy: an operation which involved sectioning or removing portions of the frontal love in attempt to
treat bipolar mood or chronic pain later shown to be largely ineffective as atherepeutic procedure
Temporal lobe: its primary function are hearing and memory
Occipatal lobe; vision
Visual agnosia: a general term for disorder which results in disruption of visual recognition
Limbic system: subcortical structures connecting the cortex with other parts of the brain and which are
important in many basic functions ( hypothalamus amygdala and hypocampus)
Hypothalamus: regulates behaviours associated with hunger thirst sex and other basic dribes and also plays a
role in regulating hormonal functiosn
Hippocampus: memory function
Amygdala: emotions and psoccibly memory
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