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PYC 4805 ASSIGNMENT 4 2024 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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PYC 4805 ASSIGNMENT 4 2024 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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PYC 4805 ASSIGNMENT 4 2024 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS1.Question: Explain the concept of "Cognitive Dissonance" and provide an example.
Answer: Cognitive Dissonance is a psychological theory proposed by Leon Festinger, which suggests that individuals experience discomfort when they hold two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or attitudes. To reduce this discomfort, individuals will change their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to achieve consistency.
Example: A person who values health but smokes cigarettes may experience cognitive dissonance. To reduce the dissonance, they might either quit smoking, downplay the health risks of smoking, or justify their smoking habit by citing stress relief as a necessary trade-off for their health.
2.Question: Discuss the stages of Erikson's Psychosocial Development theory.
Answer: Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development comprises eight stages, each characterized by a central conflict that individuals must resolve to develop healthily.
○Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1 year): Developing trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection.
○Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood, 1-3 years): Developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
○Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool, 3-6 years): Initiating activities, planning, and undertaking tasks.
○Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age, 6-12 years): Mastering new skills and developing a sense of competence.
○Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12-18 years): Developing a personal identity and sense of self.
○Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 18-40 years): Forming intimate relationships with others.
○Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 40-65 years): Creating or nurturing things that will outlast oneself.
○Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, 65+ years): Reflecting on life and feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret.
3.Question: Describe the concept of "Operant Conditioning" and distinguish it from "Classical Conditioning".
Answer: Operant Conditioning is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. It was developed by B.F. Skinner.
○Positive Reinforcement: Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
○Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
○Positive Punishment: Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
○Negative Punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood
of a behavior.
4.Classical Conditioning , developed by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning through association.
It occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior.
○Example of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s dogs salivating at the sound of a bell
associated with food.
○Example of Operant Conditioning: A rat pressing a lever to receive food. 5.Question: What is the "Big Five" personality traits model? List and briefly describe each trait.
Answer: The Big Five personality traits model is a widely accepted framework for understanding human personality. The five traits are:
○Openness to Experience: Imagination, creativity, and a willingness to try new things.
○Conscientiousness: High levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors.
○Extraversion: Energy, positive emotions, and the tendency to seek stimulation in
the company of others.
○Agreeableness: Attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, and affection.
○Neuroticism: Tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety, anger, or depression.
6.Question: Explain "Attachment Theory" and the different types of attachment identified by Ainsworth.
Answer: Attachment Theory, developed by John Bowlby, suggests that early relationships with caregivers play a significant role in child development and continue to influence social relationships throughout life. Mary Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" study identified three main attachment styles in children:
○Secure Attachment: Children feel confident that their caregiver will be available to meet their needs.
○Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment: Children become very distressed when a parent leaves and are ambivalent when the parent returns.
○Avoidant Attachment: Children avoid or ignore the caregiver, showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns.
7.Later research added a fourth category:
○Disorganized Attachment: Children show a lack of clear attachment behavior, seeming confused or apprehensive in the presence of the caregiver.
Additional Practice Questions
1.Define and discuss the significance of "self-actualization" in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
2.How does Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory explain the acquisition of behavior?
3.Compare and contrast the concepts of "intrinsic motivation" and "extrinsic motivation."
4.Explain the term "learned helplessness" and its implications in psychological research.
1. Describe the concept of "self-efficacy" according to Bandura.
Answer: Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. According to Bandura, this sense of self-efficacy can influence how people think, feel, and behave.
2. What is "classical conditioning" and provide an example.
Answer: Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Example: Pavlov's dogs salivated when they heard a bell because they associated it with food.
3. Explain "operant conditioning" and provide an example.
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