SI 334 Final Exam || with 100% Errorless Answers.
MC: What is social influence? correct answers Social Influence occurs when one's emotions, opinions or behaviors are affected by others. It takes the form of conformity, socialization, authority, advice, etc.
MC: According to Cialdini and Goldstein, why are people susceptible to influence techniques? correct answers People are susceptible to influence techniques because they are motivated to form perceptions of reality and react accordingly, to develop and preserve meaningful social relationships and to maintain a favorable self-concept.
SA: What is the role of theory in social science research? How are theories and hypotheses related to one another? correct answers The role of a theory in social science research is to gain a
better understanding of behavior. Theories prove hypotheses
SA: What are fixed-action patterns among animals? How are they similar to some types of human functioning? How are they different? correct answers Fixed action patterns among animals are those that are done instinctively, like automated processes. For animals, an example of a fixed action is when a bird chirps as an automatic response to another. In human functioning, there are two types of processes: automatic and deliberative. Automatic processes occur when there is a "click, whirr" function that is triggered, while deliberative are not instinctive, but are done purposefully.
SA: Describe "click, whirr". correct answers The "Click, Whirr" phenomenon is the automatic process by which animals respond to a trigger with a fixed-action pattern.
SA: What makes automatic responding in human so attractive? What makes the automatic responding so dangerous? In your response to "dangerous", be sure to discuss profiteers and the role of mimicry. correct answers Automatic responding in humans is attractive because it allows for mental shortcuts and saves time, it could be dangerous because you might not be aware of potential pitfalls to your response. An example of a profiteer in the "dangerous" situation could be a company or a marketing team who get you to buy something.
SA: what is a theory (specifically in the realm of scientific investigation)? correct answers A theory consists of a set of axioms or assumptions and definitions, together with the conclusions that logically follow from them. A theory is formally valid if it is internally consistent (it does not lead to statements that contradict each other) and if the conclusions are indeed provable from the assumptions.
MA: What is the purpose of a theory? List at least four purposes and remember to cite any relevant readings (by author name or reference title). correct answers organizes our knowledge, helps us predict behavior in new situations, tells us what data are worth gathering., Suggests ways to analyze new data. (Friedman and Sunder)
MA: What are the different data sources social scientists use? In particular, describe what field and laboratory data are and what happenstance and experimental data are. Where possible, clearly identify the difference between field and laboratory data and between happenstance and experimental data. correct answers Experimental data: deliberately created for scientific purposes
under controlled conditions, Happenstance data: a by-product of ongoing uncontrolled processes,
Laboratory data: gathered in an artificial environment designed for scientific purposes, Field data: gathered in a naturally occurring environment
SA: what is an experiment? What are the purposes of an experiment? correct answers An experiment is a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact. The purposes of an experiment are: Discover empirical regularities, Test conflicting theories, Develop a theory, Set boundary conditions for a particular theory
LA: think back to the first lecture, where Erin offered some applications that the course would have to design. One of the questions was "what motivates individuals to openly share and contribute with strangers to a collective online endeavor?" give an answer to this question that takes into account what you have learned this semester, using at least three specific concepts form the readings. correct answers There are three theories collected over the course of the semester that could help motivate individuals to openly share and contribute to an online platform. 1) Reciprocity: The first is reciprocity, Cialdini's states that reciprocity is an "uninvited
debt," or a bad feeling from an unexpected and unequal exchange. If the point system relies on crowd-sourced answers, adding a point system to an online community will allow people to understand that conceding to a favor will allow them to gain more points.2) Social Information Theory: This theory, from Asch, states that large groups will have a tendency to conform. By developing a community that gives back, via the point system incentive, will allow for social information theory to develop simply because it will be the norm to see heavy participation.3) Social Comparison Theory: This theory states that a comparison between two groups occurs naturally and creates a greater tendency to adhere to the norm or strive for better. Using this theory, allowing users to compare their point system to one another will create a natural, upward comparison, competitive drive between the users.
LA: Explain what is meant by "Induced Value Theory" and how it helps the experimenter achieve control (be sure to define control). Then, using one of the readings you had for class give
one example of how IVT can help establish control in an experiment. A good answer will also draw on references from that week's readings. correct answers The key idea of Induced Value Theory is that proper use of a reward medium allows an experimenter to induce pre-specified characteristics in experimental analysis, and the subjects' innate characteristics become largely irrelevant. There are three conditions that must be satisfied: monotonicity, salience and dominance. 3 Conditions must hold: monotonicity, salience, and dominance: Monotonicity: subjects prefer more reward to less, and not become satiated (you always pick the option with more), Salience: reward depends on the actions and defined by the institutional rules that he/she understands; relation between actions and rewards implements the desired institution and subjects understand the relation, Dominance: changes in subjects' utility from the experiment come predominantly from the reward medium and other influences are negligible, Control: happens when all three conditions are met
LA: Friedman & Sunder write "Agents are defined by their economically relevant characteristics: preferences, ... resource endowments and information... ...Subjects often have
