Class notes

Biology 2 - Unit 1 notes

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Course
BIOSC 0160

Institution
University Of Pittsburgh - Pittsburgh

Typed notes I took from Biology 2 unit 1 lectures with Nathan Brouwer. Hopefully will be helpful since his lecture slides tend to be confusing.

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Uploaded on August 2, 2024
Number of pages 2
Written in 2023/2024
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Nathan brouwer
Contains Unit 1

biology 2
biology
dna replication
pcr
okazaki fragments
nucleotides
nucleosides
dna
phenotypes
genotypes
phenotypes vs genotypes
biology 2 vocab
biology two
genomics
gwas
nucleotides vs nucleosides
ge

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Muscle composition is a phenogenic type Type of muscle can be trained and environmental -
Whether you can drink milk is also Phenotypic -
Phenotype encompasses anything that results in an outward of observable manifestation on/in the organism, even if we can't see it with our eyes Shape of protein-
Efficiency of an enzyme -
Shape of cell-
Outward appearance-
Behavior -
Etc. -
Phenotypic traits can be qualitative (Discrete) or quantitative (numeric)
Discrete traits are distinct categories such as eye color, lactose intolerant, etc. -
Numeric traits are measured by a numeric value -
What is a genotype? (memorize) Anything at the DNA level -
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein-
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein-
Sequence of DNA that doesn’t code for protein-
Presence/absence of a mutation-
Length of gene-
Number of copies of genes-
Number of copies of a chromosome-
Humans have 23 chromosomes
22 are autosomes + xy -
Entered the genomic era in the 2001
Genomic research has made it much easier to find genes that are possibly linked to phenotypes, including diseases Previously, lots of gene research was based on luck but now we can do research based on phenotypes -
Positive and negative correlation of frequency of phenotypes Usually there is no correlation○
GWAS (Gene wide association studies) are used to examine genotype -phenotype correlations for thousands of genes at a time Looking for the genome that has a correlation out of thousands of combinations ○
Used to study migraines○-
All genes reside on a chromosome -
Centromeres are not always in the middle of the chromosome -
Humans are diploid 2 copies of genes (generally) ○-
just because a gene isn't needed in a cell doesn’t mean it's not there -
Genes have specific positions on chromosomes -
SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism Single base pair difference between two people-Phenotypes and Genotypes Thursday, January 11, 2024 10:07 AM New Section 1 Page 1

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