CSD 303 Final Exam || Questions with correct answers.
simple and complex period waves correct answers simple: period oscillations of constant amplitudes, complex: sum of sine waves (T=.01s,F0=100Hz)
frequency, amplitude, phase correct answers frequency: how fast, F=1/T
amplitude: how big?
phase: when?
power spectra correct answers a snapshot, do not convey any time information because they are just a small window in time
spectrogram correct answers a movie, poor time resolution, good frequency resolution - wideband or narrowband make it depend on how good the frequency resolution is
fundamental frequency correct answers rate at which the complex frequency repeats itself, find the greatest common denominator, to see it visually look at the period
aperiodic sounds correct answers no regularly repeating pattern
high pass, low pass, band pass correct answers high pass - only let high frequencies through, low pass - only let low frequencies through, band pass - frequencies in the range are passed by the filter
the source for voiced consonants and vowels correct answers voicing
harmonics correct answers multiples of the F0, only the amplitude of the harmonic is changed
by the filter, relative amplitude of the harmonics relates to vocal quality
breathiness and creakiness correct answers breathiness: first harmonic is higher, second is lower
creakiness: first harmonic is lower, second is higher (first two harmonics matter)
turbulance correct answers chaotic movement of air, obstacle turbulence: perpendicular to the
airflow creates more turbulence and a louder sound (sibilants)
the source for stops correct answers voiceless stops - shutting = voicing or nothing, closure = nothing, release = pressure impulse & aspiration noise
voiced stops - shutting = voicing, prevoicing, or nothing, closure = voicing, release = pressure impulse, aspiration noise, or voicing
sound wave correct answers pressure fluctuation, compression & rarefaction
the source for fricatives correct answers turbulence
real world examples of the source and filter model correct answers source - sound waves from the larynx
filter - vocal tract filtering relationships between F0 and harmonics correct answers f0 = multiples of the harmonics
quantal regions correct answers regions of stability
spectrograms of fricatives and stops correct answers fricatives - looks like noise/static throughout the entire spectrogram
stops - has a section of silence (no formants) or prevoicing - voice bar
resonant frequencies correct answers frequency that an object likes to vibrate at
formants correct answers broad structure, resonant frequencies of the vocal tract
tube closed on both ends correct answers compression reflects as compression (F=nc/4L)
tube open on one end and closed on the other correct answers compression reflects as rarefaction (F=(2n-1)c/4L)
Helmholtz resonator correct answers made with the back cavity and the constriction, low resonant frequency
filter for fricatives correct answers front cavity of the VT
filter for stops correct answers in front of stop burst - front cavity of VT, transitions - whole VT
nasals/laterals source correct answers voicing
anti-resonances correct answers Absorbed into the side branches of the oral cavity, cancel out
the frequencies of the output, show up as valleys rather than peaks,
formants of the schwa vowel correct answers formants are multiples of the fundamental frequency only in the schwa vowel
Assign lyrics in an opera to different voice parts and justify your choice: what effects does the pitch of a sung vowel have on the frequency spectrum? Why does that affect intelligibility
of the lyrics? correct answers High notes, Intelligibility goes down in higher pitch because larger harmonic spacing makes it harder to tell where formants are
sampling correct answers Choose points in time to measure,
Needs to be at least twice the frequency in order to be captured accurately
Nyquist frequency correct answers highest frequency that can be captured with a given sampling rate - 1/2 of the sampling rate
FFT correct answers spectrum of one window of a sound wave - find the frequencies and amplitudes of simple waves that make up the complex wave
Smaller: more spacing between analysis frequencies, good time resolution, easier to see individual formants
Longer: good frequency resolution, easier to see harmonics, narrowband
simple and complex period waves correct answers simple: period oscillations of constant amplitudes, complex: sum of sine waves (T=.01s,F0=100Hz)
frequency, amplitude, phase correct answers frequency: how fast, F=1/T
amplitude: how big?
phase: when?
power spectra correct answers a snapshot, do not convey any time information because they are just a small window in time
spectrogram correct answers a movie, poor time resolution, good frequency resolution - wideband or narrowband make it depend on how good the frequency resolution is
fundamental frequency correct answers rate at which the complex frequency repeats itself, find the greatest common denominator, to see it visually look at the period
aperiodic sounds correct answers no regularly repeating pattern
high pass, low pass, band pass correct answers high pass - only let high frequencies through, low pass - only let low frequencies through, band pass - frequencies in the range are passed by the filter
the source for voiced consonants and vowels correct answers voicing
harmonics correct answers multiples of the F0, only the amplitude of the harmonic is changed
by the filter, relative amplitude of the harmonics relates to vocal quality
breathiness and creakiness correct answers breathiness: first harmonic is higher, second is lower
creakiness: first harmonic is lower, second is higher (first two harmonics matter)
turbulance correct answers chaotic movement of air, obstacle turbulence: perpendicular to the
airflow creates more turbulence and a louder sound (sibilants)
the source for stops correct answers voiceless stops - shutting = voicing or nothing, closure = nothing, release = pressure impulse & aspiration noise
voiced stops - shutting = voicing, prevoicing, or nothing, closure = voicing, release = pressure impulse, aspiration noise, or voicing
sound wave correct answers pressure fluctuation, compression & rarefaction
the source for fricatives correct answers turbulence
real world examples of the source and filter model correct answers source - sound waves from the larynx
filter - vocal tract filtering relationships between F0 and harmonics correct answers f0 = multiples of the harmonics
quantal regions correct answers regions of stability
spectrograms of fricatives and stops correct answers fricatives - looks like noise/static throughout the entire spectrogram
stops - has a section of silence (no formants) or prevoicing - voice bar
resonant frequencies correct answers frequency that an object likes to vibrate at
formants correct answers broad structure, resonant frequencies of the vocal tract
tube closed on both ends correct answers compression reflects as compression (F=nc/4L)
tube open on one end and closed on the other correct answers compression reflects as rarefaction (F=(2n-1)c/4L)
Helmholtz resonator correct answers made with the back cavity and the constriction, low resonant frequency
filter for fricatives correct answers front cavity of the VT
filter for stops correct answers in front of stop burst - front cavity of VT, transitions - whole VT
nasals/laterals source correct answers voicing
anti-resonances correct answers Absorbed into the side branches of the oral cavity, cancel out
the frequencies of the output, show up as valleys rather than peaks,
formants of the schwa vowel correct answers formants are multiples of the fundamental frequency only in the schwa vowel
Assign lyrics in an opera to different voice parts and justify your choice: what effects does the pitch of a sung vowel have on the frequency spectrum? Why does that affect intelligibility
of the lyrics? correct answers High notes, Intelligibility goes down in higher pitch because larger harmonic spacing makes it harder to tell where formants are
sampling correct answers Choose points in time to measure,
Needs to be at least twice the frequency in order to be captured accurately
Nyquist frequency correct answers highest frequency that can be captured with a given sampling rate - 1/2 of the sampling rate
FFT correct answers spectrum of one window of a sound wave - find the frequencies and amplitudes of simple waves that make up the complex wave
Smaller: more spacing between analysis frequencies, good time resolution, easier to see individual formants
Longer: good frequency resolution, easier to see harmonics, narrowband
