What is Evidence Based Practice? - an approach that uses firm scientific data rather
than anecdote, tradition, intuition or folklore in making decisions about medical and
nursing practice
Scientific Method - Step 1: Observing/experiencing a problem that leads to a question
Step 2: Gathering information about the question. (Does an answer already exist?)
Step 3: A hypothesis (educated guess) is made as to what may be causing or
contributing to the problem—or what might resolve it
Step 4: A study is conceptualized
Step 5: The data are collected
Step 6: The data are analyzed and interpreted
Step 7: A report is written
Research question - A question that can be answered by an experiment or series of
experiments.
Research questions should be specific enough that they can be answered/studied in a
way that they can be replicated by other researchers
Hypothesis - simply a formal version of a hunch or speculation about what the data may
reveal.
A good hypothesis is one that clearly expresses a statement that can be empirically
tested about the relationship of two or more variables.
directional hypothesis - Predicts a positive or negative relationship between variables
null hypothesis - Predicts that there is no relationship between variables
relation of theory to research - we rely on a theoretical basis in research, as well. The
utilization of theories:
Leads to questions/predictions.
Focuses attention.
Saves effort.
Builds on existing knowledge.
Theory can inform research - and research can inform theory
purpose of a lit review - We review the literature to understand:
What is already known about this question.
, How researchers have defined key variables.
How they have measured phenomenon.
How they are using theory to inform practice
quantitative methods - relies on numerical measurement (counting things).
qualitative methods - relies on word or narratives
Institutional Review Boards - institutional review boards (sometimes called human
subjects committees) to review and oversee research conducted by investigators
affiliated with their organizations.
Research Ethics -
In research, vulnerable populations include - children, prisoners, persons with
intellectual disabilities).
Those who cannot provide informed consent
Informed consent -
confidentiality versus anonymity - Confidentiality means that the potentially sensitive or
private information is being supplied with the
understanding that the research participant's identity, although known to the researcher,
will be protected.
Anonymous responding means that the research participant cannot be identified by any
means or by any person.
independent variable - those that the researcher can manipulate or describe (stimulus)
dependent variable - those that result from the independent variable. (response)
operational definition of study variables - Specify how it is measured so that other
researchers may replicate a study.
single subject design - looks at a sample size of one - we often see this type of design
at work in practice. An SSD is a plan, for an individual client, family, or community, of
observations of behaviors and consequent interventions/treatments, visualized on a
chart
What is the A in SSD? - baseline, target behavior
deduction - occurs when you think about a theory or a broad principle and then you
make a prediction based on what you know
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