Pyelonephritis - inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis - Interstitial fibrosis and atrophy of tubules due to multiple bouts
of acute pyelonephritis
Can be associated with chronic UTI's, vesicoureteral reflux, or kidney stones
Cystitis - Inflammation of the bladder
Common pathogens are E. Coli and staphylococcus saphrophyticus
Symptoms of cystitis - Frequency, urgency, dysuria, lower back pain
Renal cell carcinoma - cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells
Renal adenoma - small, slow-growing glandular noncancerous tumor of the kidney
Renal transitional cell carcinoma - rare and primarily arises in the renal parenchyma and
renal pelvis.
Transitional cell carcinoma - a malignant tumor of the urinary tract that is often found
within the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis. Generally occurs in older men.
Gross painless hematuria
Gomerulonephritis - inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
Primary glomerulonephritis - inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys that occurs
independently of other chronic conditions; usually the result of an acute infectious
process
secondary glomerulonephritis - inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys that results
from other chronic conditions, such as lupus erythematosus or diabetes.
Symptoms of glomerulonephritis - Hematuria with red blood cell casts, proteinuria with
albumin, oliguria, HTN, edema, nephrotic sediment
Nephrotic syndrome - loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through
urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
, Causes of nephrotic syndrome - Membranous glomerulonephritis
Minimal change nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-systemic disease such as diabetes or lupus
Hypospadias - congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the
undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
Epispadias - Opening of the urethra on the superior surface of the penis
Chordee - a downward curvature of the penis, often associated with hypospadias
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) - A rapidly developing malignancy of the kidneys,
usually affecting children before age 5. Normally found by parents due to swelling.
PCOS diagnosis - Have to have two of the following:
-Irregular ovulation
-Elevated levels of androgen
-Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) - An endocrine disorder associated with chronic
anovulation, most common in young women (teens to twenties). High LH/FSH ratio in
blood; A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer
edges.
Chlamydia - A bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and
females. Can cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system. Can also
cause ectopic pregnancy.
Symptoms of Chlamydia - urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or
testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
Syphilis - an STD that attacks many parts of the body and is caused by a small
bacterium called a spirochete. 3 phases
Primary stage of syphilis - the first few weeks of a syphilis infection during which the
chancre is present and can be present on the mouth, penis, vagina, anus
secondary stage of syphilis - Skin rashes and/or sores in the mouth, vagina, or anus. A
rash that appears on the soles of the feet or palms. Fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore
throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, fatigue
Latent syphilis - the third stage of syphilis, which may last for years, during which
symptoms disappear although the person is still infected
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