What are the foundational principle of science? - All natural phenomena have a physical cause. (Not
driven by supernatural causes. Ancient 7mes - thought supernatural forces drive natural processes)
Science seeks to understand how nature works (Driving forces causing what we see around us. What will
happen if we tweak a variable)
Science also seeks to document everything that exists. (Organize it all by crea7ng categories based on
shared traits. "Taxonomies")
scientific hypothesis - An educated guess that attempts to explain a scientific law or certain scientific
observations.
Hypothesis must be "falsifiable" •Must be able to demonstrate your speculation is not true. •It seeks to
reject/falsify hypotheses that are not true and accept those that cannot be falsified (and thus are
assumed to be right).
Theory - an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts
behaviors or events
What does it mean that hypotheses must be falsifiable? - if it is possible to conceive of an experimental
observation that disproves the idea in question. That is, one of the possible outcomes of the designed
experiment must be an answer, that if obtained, would disprove the hypothesis.
Describe the components of a controlled experiment. - In a controlled experiment, an independent
variable (the cause) is systematically manipulated and the dependent variable (the effect) is measured;
any extraneous variables are controlled. The researcher can operationalize (i.e. define) the variables
being studied so they can be objectivity measured.
Describe the treatment groups and the control group for the lab experiment. - treatment are the plants
with either low, medium or high fertilizer
the controls are the plants receiving no fertilizer, just water
,Apply the definitions of dependent variable to the plant growth experiment in lab - In our case the thing
being measured is plant height.
Apply the definitions of independent variable to the plant growth experiment in lab - Treatment group -
those exposed to the independent variable.
the fertilizer plant
Explain the role of statistics for drawing conclusions - Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions
about a population. A population is a relatively large group of cases that represents all the cases that the
researcher is interested in. For instance, if the researcher is exploring what factors influence legislative
behavior, the population may be all legislators.
What are defining traits of plants? - Micellular, eukaryotic organisms
Cell walls made of cellulose.
Special organelle called chloroplasts allow for photosynthesis (plants are autotrophs).
Life cycle has 'alternations of generations' between a sporophyte and a gametophyte generation.
Walled spores produced in sporangia.
Apical meristems(growth buds at anterior end of shoot)
autotrophs - Organisms that are able to make their own food
Alternations of Generations Life Cycle - Haploid multicellular organisms (gametophyte); diploid
multicellular organisms (sporophyte)
, sporangia/sporangium - A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid
cells develop.
apical meristems/primary growth - Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots
that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
gametophyte - a plant (or the haploid phase in its life cycle) that produces gametes by mitosis in order
to produce a zygote
Zygote - a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
Gametophytes produce - haploid gametes by mitosis
Gametophytes are - haploid
sporophyte - a plant (or the diploid phase in its life cycle) that produces spores by meiosis in order to
produce gametophytes
tracheophyte - any plant possessing vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), including ferns, conifers, and
flowering plants
generations diagram -
generations diagram - Non-Vascular plants (the bryophytes) - The bryophytes show an alternation of
generations between the independent gametophyte generation, which produces the sex organs and
sperm and eggs, and the dependent sporophyte generation, which produces the spores.
generations diagram - Seedless vascular plants - The life cycle of seedless vascular plants alternates
between a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte phase.
Seedless vascular plants reproduce through unicellular, haploid spores instead of seeds; the lightweight
spores allow for easy dispersion in the wind.
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