What is the primary function of all muscles? - ✔️✔️Generate force or movement in response to a
physiological stimulus
what are muscles dependant on to generate force - ✔️✔️Conversion of chemical energy
-ATP
What does striated muscle mean? - ✔️✔️muscle shows alternating light and dark patterns under the
microscope
Is skeletal muscle under voluntary or involuntary control - ✔️✔️primarily voluntary by somatic motor
neurons
What is the nucleation state of skeletal muscle? - ✔️✔️multinucleated
What is the striation state of skeletal muscle? - ✔️✔️Striated
Where is skeletal muscle located in the body? - ✔️✔️attached to bones
Is cardiac muscle under voluntary or involuntary control? - ✔️✔️Primarily involuntary by spontaneous
electrical activity
What is the nucleation state of cardiac muscle? - ✔️✔️uninucleated
What is the striation state of cardiac muscle? - ✔️✔️striated
Where is cardiac muscle located in the body? - ✔️✔️The heart
,How can the spontaneous function of cardiac muscle be altered? - ✔️✔️by autonomic NS and hormones
Is smooth muscle under voluntary or involuntary control? - ✔️✔️Primarily involuntary through autonomic
control, spontaneous, hormones, paracrines and autocrines
-depending on its location
What is the nucleation state of smooth muscle? - ✔️✔️uninucleated
What is the striation state of smooth muscle? - ✔️✔️nonstriated
Where is smooth muscle located in the body? - ✔️✔️internal organs and vasculature
What does smooth muscle provide mechanical control for? - ✔️✔️digestive tract
urinary tract
reproductive tract
blood vessels
airways
What is smooth muscles main function? - ✔️✔️move substances into, out of or within the body
How are skeletal muscles attached to bones? - ✔️✔️by tendons
What is the origin and insertion point of skeletal muscle? - ✔️✔️Origin: closest to the trunk or more
stationary bone
Insertion: More distal or more mobile attachment
what is the origin of the bicep muscle - ✔️✔️Near the scapula
,how are skeletal muscles often arranged - ✔️✔️antagonistically, in flexor/extensor pairs
What does it mean by muscles are organized in a flexor-extensor pair? - ✔️✔️flexor: brings bone together
Extensor: moves bones away
what are the flexors and extensors of the arm - ✔️✔️flexor = bicep
extensor = tricep
What percentage of body weight in skeletal muscle? - ✔️✔️40%
What is the muscle terminology for muscle cell? Cell membrane? Cytoplasm? Modified endoplasmic
reticulum? - ✔️✔️Muscle cell = muscle fiber
What percentage of daily energy expenditure does skeletal muscle use? - ✔️✔️15-60%
How long does a muscle fiber often extend? - ✔️✔️the entire length of the muscle
what 4 things would one expect to find in a "whole" skeletal muscle like your bicep - ✔️✔️muscle
fascicles, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
What are muscle fascicles? - ✔️✔️bundles of muscle fibers
, what are myofibrils - ✔️✔️collection of thick and thin filaments (myofilaments)
list the proteins that comprise a myofibril - ✔️✔️actin, myosin
tropomyosin and troponin
titin and nebulin
break skeletal muscle down to the most fundamental unit - ✔️✔️skeletal muscle →fascicles→muscle
fibers→myofibrils
What is F actin? - ✔️✔️back bone of thin filaments made up of G-actin molecules
what does f actin have a binding site for? - ✔️✔️thick filaments (myosin)
What is tropomyosin? - ✔️✔️two-stranded alpha-helical coiled coil protein found in cell cytoskeletons
What is the function of tropomyosin? - ✔️✔️sit on actin and regulate the binding of myosin to it, by
covering the myosin binding sites
What is the structure of thin filaments? - ✔️✔️an alpha helix of 2 molecules of F-actin, which is made of
G-actin globules
wrapped in tropomyosin
What is the structure of troponin complex? - ✔️✔️heterotrimer consisting of:
1. troponin T- binds to a single molecule of tropomyosin
2. Troponin C- Calcium binding site
3. Troponin I- bound to actin inhibiting contraction when resting
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