trons); nucleophiles (negative charge- react with electrophiles); and redox- mole-cules (can
donate and accept electrons)
19. Biotransformation typically occurs in two phases
ANS *Phase I involves oxida-tion, reduction, and hydrolysis.
*Oxidation and dehydrogenation are more common than reduction.
*Phase II involves the attachment of a molecular side-chain to the chemical in aprocess
called chemical conjugation.
*This reaction usually makes it less toxic, more water soluble, and facilitates urinaryexcretion.
20. Excretion involves 4 major routes
ANS 1) through the kidney via urine
2) through the liver and the gastrointestinal system via feces
3) through the pulmonary system via exhaled air
4) via breast milk.
21. Excretion via the kidney is facilitated by
ANS *passive glomerular filtration for allmolecules 70,000 Daltons in size or smaller.
*Compounds bound to larger serum proteins are excreted via active tubular secre-tion.
*Passive tubular diffusion from the serum to the tubules (organic bases) and in the opposite
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