HIEU 2041 Terms Exams
1st Punic War (264-241 BC) - ANS-When: 264-241
Where: Sicily
Who/What: war over Sicily
Significance: First Roman involvement outside of Italy. Also saw first Roman experience with
sea battles. Rome saw a shift in foreign policies as the tactics she adopted with the Italians
were abandoned with the Sicilians and Carthaginians. In conflict between Hiero and Mamertines
holding Messina, when the M.s were defeated they asked both Rome and Carthage for aide.
When Rome pushed out the quicker-to-respond Carthaginian garrison, Punic Wars followed.
2nd Punic War (218-201 BC) - ANS-When: 218-201
Where: Italy, Spain, Sicily, Africa
Who/What: Hannibalic War
Significance: Dispute over hegemony of Seguntum (in Spain, where Barciads were) sparked
conflict leading to Hannibal's march over the Alps and invasion of Italy in 218. His battle tactics
demonstrated the weakness of the Roman system in the ease with which he was able to use
Rome's competitiveness to her disadvantage.
3rd Punic War (149-146 BC) - ANS-When: 149-146
Where: Africa
Who/What: final Punic War, destruction of Carthage
Significance: Without an army, per treaty post-Zama, Carthage preyed upon by Numidia.
Romans favored Numidians so did nothing. 50 years on Carthage had paid off its war indemnity
so didn't consider itself beholden to Rome any more. Mustered an army but immediately lost the
war. Rome gets alarmed and goes on offensive, leading to Carthage's ultimate destruction.
Aedile - ANS-Office of Roman Republic, responsible for maintenance of public buildings and
oversight of religious festivals
Aeneas - ANS-A mythical Greek warrior who was a leader on the Trojan side of the Trojan War.
Romans believed he came to Italy following Trojan War after a long Odysseus like journey and
founded Lavinium
Aetolians - ANS-189 BC defeated by the Romans and subjugated. Had been forced into
permanent alliance with Rome. Allied with Antiochus of Syria and northern Greece. Not super
powerful. Rustic. Preserves the independence of its members. Pro-Roman. Polybius was part of
this league. Instrumental in helping Rome defeat Macedon at Cynoscephalae in 197 B.C.E.
Alesia (52 BC) - ANS-Julius Caesar defeated the Celtic peoples of Gaul, establishing Roman
rule of the lands beyond the Alps. The battle began when Caesar besieged Vercingetorix in the
town of Alesia, shortly after the Roman defeat at Gergovia. The Romans built a wall to surround
,the city (a "circumvallation") and a second wall around that (a "contravallation") to protect
themselves from the Gaulish relief army under Commius. When Commius launched a massive
attack on the Romans, Caesar was able to defeat him and force the surrender of Vercingetorix.
Although the Romans were outnumbered by as much as four to one, they proved victorious in
what was the turning point of the Gallic Wars.
auctoritas - ANS-Early 5th cent onwards
Referred to general level of authority or influence someone held over others. didn't refer to just
politicians, but also general authority people held due to social standing.A quasi-legal quality
that demanded Romans follow the advice of elder statesmen by virtue of their character, station,
and acknowledged superiority. Integral basis for vertical hierarchy of Roman society.
augur - ANS-a prophet or seer; to predict, foreshadow. Usually an appointed priest tasked with
interpreting will of the gods and determining how Rome should respond to said will. prediction
with birds. From etruscans
Battle of Actium - ANS-battle between Marcus Antony and Octavian for control of the empire.
Octavian won in 31 B.C. Ended with Antony and Cleopatra fleeing and comitting suicide.
Octavian becomes first Roman emperor.
Battle of Aegates Islands - ANS-242 BC
Sicily
Roman sea victory over the Carthaginians, ending the First Punic War. Rome won decisively
and Carthage was forced to sue for peace. Cut off Hamilcar's supply line of men and troops and
left him stranded.
Battle of Cannae (216 BC) - ANS-Aemilius Paullus and Varro are consuls
Alternate days
Paullus doesn't want to fight, Varro does
They march back and forth until Paullus gives up and lets the army fight
Sun and wind in Roman's faces. Hannibal manages to trick the Romans into fighting. The
Romans refuse to ransom the survivors from Hannibal because they're cowards. Major defeat
for the Romans in the Second Punic war.
Battle of Carrhae (53 BC) - ANS-When: 53 BCE
Where: Syria, Mesopotamia
Who/What: battle instigated by Crassus in the hopes for profit and glory
Significance: Crassus' eagerness to be on more equal terms with Pompey and Caesar led him
to vastly underestimate the Parthians and fighting desert warfare. His army was torn to shreds
and he treacherously slain after the battle. Though Rome maintained control of Syria despite
this loss, her prestige in the east greatly suffered and Parthia will remain a dangerous enemy for
the next 300 years. Crassus' death also contributes the the fall of the 1st triumvirate.
, Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC) - ANS-Battle between Rome and Macedonia in 2nd
Macedonian War. Flaminius defeated Philip V and proved that roman legion was better in battle
than the macedonian phalanx. After the battle Philip V was allowed to retain his kingdom while
paying taxes and having a reduced military force. Autonomy for the Hellenes and Asia and a
fine on Philip as well as his withdrawal from Greece. Had to surrender warships.
Battle of Lake Regillus (496 BC) - ANS-When: 496
Where: Latium
Who/What: battle that ended first wars with Latin League
Significance: Battle between the Romans and the Latins that ended the initial conflict between
the groups that had erupted after the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus. The Roman victory
gave Rome a buffer zone between itself and the Aequi/Volsci (treaty of Sp. Cassius).
Battle of Magnesia (190 BC) - ANS-Final battle of war between Romans and King Antiochus,
Ionia. Afterwards Romans took control of affairs throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. Led to
Roman annexation of eastern asia minor. Unlike before, Rome did not grant freedom to Greece,
but exercised a protectorate over Greece.
Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC) - ANS-decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. On 9 August 48 BC at
Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of
the republic under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"). Pompey
had the backing of a majority of the senators, of whom many were optimates, and his army
significantly outnumbered the veteran Caesarian legions.
The two armies confronted each other over several months of uncertainty, Caesar being in a
much weaker position than Pompey. The former found himself isolated in a hostile country with
only 22,000 men and short of provisions, while on the other side of the river he was faced by
Pompey with an army about twice as large in number. Pompey wanted to delay, knowing the
enemy would eventually surrender from hunger and exhaustion. Pressured by the senators
present and by his officers, he reluctantly engaged in battle and suffered an overwhelming
defeat, ultimately fleeing the camp and his men, disguised as an ordinary citizen.
Battle of Phillipi (42BCE) - ANS-Anthony and Octavian against Crassus and Brutus. Crassus
and Brutus are already set up on high grounds (hills). The pairs split up. Anthony defeats
Crassus, Brutus defeats Octavian. Anthony defeats Brutus. Ends in a decisive victory for the
second triumvirate.
Battle of Pydna - ANS-168 BC
When: 168 BC
Where: Pydna, city in Macedonia
Who/What: Aemilius Paullus vs. Perseus
Significance: Ended the 3rd Macedonian War, the Antigonid dynasty, and Macedonian
independence. Afterwards Perseus fled but had to give himself up, taken to Rome where he
died in captivity.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller AnswersCOM. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
