This file contains 118 questions regarding the section: Methods and Measurement during the MMS course of the pre-master Human Resource Studies, Organizational Studies and Sociology at Tilburg University.
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Research Methodology for International Students: Summary
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Tilburg University (UVT)
Human Resource Studies
Measurement, Methods and Statistics
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1. The statement "when a person FALSE The statement is
is really good at something that written in a general
person will perform this format. To make it
something much better in the observable – as is
presence of others than when needed with
nobody is present" is an hypotheses – one
example of a hypothesis rather needs to apply it in a
than a proposition. concrete situation.
2. The social facilitation effect TRUE The statement refers to
claims "When an individual “grading” as the
manages a particular task well, decisive factor, not the
then he or she will perform that presence of others as
task better in the presence of such.
others than when nobody else
is present". Expecting that a
student who is usually excellent
in presenting will perform even
better when her presentation is
graded than when it is not
graded can however not be
directly linked to this social
facilitation effect.
3. When a researcher presents FALSE Theorizing implies
arguments on why it is that answering the why
people perform better in the question.
things they are good at when
other people are witnessing
them doing it, this researcher is
speculating rather than
theorizing.
4. An article published in the New FALSE This is inductive
York Times in 1964 gave rise to reasoning since the
a series of studies on what is studies tried to
known as the bystander effect. generalize from the
The newspaper article reported specific reported
on the murder of a young observation.
woman that was allegedly
witnessed by 38 witnesses
seeing or hearing the attack
without providing help or even
calling the police. Researchers
interpreted this event by
arguing that presumably
individuals are less likely to
offer help to a victim when
other people are presented and
, then set up multiple
experiments to test this.
Evaluate: This is a typical
example on how a field of
research emerged from
deductive reasoning.
5. A researcher who reflects on TRUE This is inductive
what might be the general logic reasoning since the
that lies behind one particular studies tried to
observation from the generalize from the
perspective of defining a new specific reported
research project started the observation.
research process from an
inductive perspective.
6. The principal difference TRUE A variable refers to the
between a "concept" and a measure itself; a
"variable" is that the last refers concept to the
to an empirical manifestation of definition of what is
a social phenomenon and the measured.
first merely to a theoretical
description of this social
phenomenon.
7. A total effect hypothesis FALSE A total effect
implies that the hypothesis lists hypothesis refers to an
all possible independent overall effect of an
variables that might have an independent on a
effect on a dependent variable. dependent variable.
8. The dependent variable in a TRUE An outcome variable is
conceptual model is the a variable that is
outcome variable. caused by another
variable.
9. The wording of the following FALSE The likelihood of a
hypothesis reflects that all status (such as
variables mentioned are at the depressed) refers to a
metric level: "The higher the categorical variable:
level of social isolation of you are classified as
women the more likely they will depressed or as not
become depressed." depressed.
10. When the dependent variable TRUE A relationship between
and the independent variable two metric variables is
are metric the purpose of the summarized with a
analysis will be to estimate how ‘line’ (called regression
the score in the dependent line) that indicates how
variable changes when the Y increases/decreases
, score in the independent as one goes from low
variable increases with one thru high on the X
unit. variable.
11. Multiple causality in conceptual FALSE Multiple causality
models implies that the applies to all models
researcher has to define including more than 2
hypotheses that reflect the variables.
relative importance of the
selected independent variables.
When no such relative
importance hypothesis is
formulated, the model cannot
be regarded as a model that
researches multiple causality.
12. In the following hypothesis FALSE Education is an
education is a moderator: “The independent variable.
likelihood of re-entering in the
job market increases with
educational level and
decreases with the level of
unemployment benefit. The
effect of education is stronger
than the effect of the
unemployment benefit.”
13. In the following hypothesis TRUE Age influence once
‘opportunity to re-enter in the opportunity to re-enter
labor market’ is a mediator: which leads to different
"The reason why re-entering chances of re-entering.
the labor market is decreasing
the older a person is, is that the
opportunity to re-enter the
labor market decreases with
age and that this opportunity
has an effect on the chance or
re-entering."
14. The following hypothesis FALSE Only when an increase
implies that there is a negative in one variable leads to
effect of the independent on a decrease in the other
the dependent variable "The or vice versa a
less opportunities to re-enter negative effect is
the labor market the lower the defined.
likelihood of re-entering.”
15. When a moderator is a TRUE A suppressing effect
suppressor in the relationship implies that at
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