Exam (elaborations)
APES AP Exam Review With Complete Solutions Latest Update
- Course
- Institution
APES AP Exam Review With Complete Solutions Latest Update
[Show more]
Content preview
APES AP Exam Review With Complete SolutionsLatest Update
First Law of Thermodynamics - correct answers energy is neither created nor destroyed, may be converted from one
form to another.
Second Law of Thermodynamics - correct answers when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful
energy is degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat).
Energy - correct answers the ability to do work. Units of energy: joules, calories, kilocalories, British thermal units (BTUs),
Kilowatt-hours (kWh)
Power - correct answers the rate of doing work (work/time). Units of power: watts and kilowatts.
High quality energy - correct answers easily converted to useful work, organized and concentrated (ex: oil and nuclear)
Low quality energy - correct answers not easily converted to useful work, disorganized, dispersed (ex: heat).
Electromagnetic radiation - correct answers form of energy, travel as waves, e g radio waves, IR, visible light, UV, gamma
rays.
Ionizing radiation - correct answers enough energy to knock electrons from atoms, forming ions, capable of damaging
DNA. (Gamma, X rays, UV)
Radioactive decay - correct answers unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha and beta particles.
Half-life - correct answers time it takes for ½ of the mass of a radioisotope to decay. A radioisotope must be stored
approximately 10 half lives before it has decayed to a safe level.
,Nuclear fission - correct answers nuclei of isotopes are split apart into smaller nuclei; used in commercial nuclear
reactors.
Nuclear fusion - correct answers 2 isotopes of light elements are forced together at high temperatures. Happens on sun
and stars, very difficult to accomplish on Earth, prohibitively expensive
Parts of hydrologic (Water) cycle - correct answers evaporation (transpiration = evaporation from plants), condensation,
precipitation
Fate of precipitation - correct answers evaporation (transpiration), runoff or infiltration and percolation.
Aquifer - correct answers water saturated layer in ground, can yield a usable amount of water.
Water table - correct answers upper surface (top) of the aquifer (zone of saturation)
Overdraft - correct answers withdrawing water from a resource faster than it is replenished (discharge>recharge)
Recharge - correct answers water moving into a reservoir or aquifer
Cone of depression - correct answers lowering of water table around a pumping well.
Salt water intrusion - correct answers over pumping of groundwater near coast causes salt water to move into aquifer.
Ways to conserve water - correct answers agriculture- drip irrigation
industry - recycling
home use - fix leaks, use gray water, low flow fixtures
Distribution of water on Earth - correct answers 97 % seawater, 3% freshwater (2% icecaps and glaciers, <1% in ground
water, surface, organisms and atmosphere).
, Major macronutrients - correct answers CHNOPS.
Micronutrients and trace elements - correct answers needed in small amounts.
Carbon - correct answers component of all organic molecules
Largest reservoir of carbon - correct answers (1) sedimentary rocks
(2) oceans.
Photosynthesis - correct answers Process by which plants convert CO2 to complex carbohydrates (C6H12O6), removes C
from atmosphere.
Cellular respiration - correct answers organisms break down carbohydrates; releases energy, returns C to atmosphere.
Aerobic - correct answers requires oxygen
Processes that release C to the atmosphere - correct answers cellular respiration and decomposition, fires, burning fossil
fuels, volcanoes.
Carbon-silicate cycle - correct answers slow, geological cycle: C in oceans used by marine organisms ends up in ocean
sediments are subducted into Earth's crust, eventually returned through volcanic venting.
Nitrogen - correct answers component of proteins (amino acids) and nucleic acids.
Largest reservoir of nitrogen - correct answers atmosphere (78% N2). Producers cannot directly use nitrogen gas
Nitrogen fixation - correct answers N2 is converted to ammonia NH3. Bacteria do this (esp. Rhizobium living
symbiotically with legumes)
Haber process - correct answers industrial N fixation, uses lots of fossil fuels
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Schoolflix. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
76799 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now