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2024 BIOL 1108 EXAM 5 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 BIOL 1108 EXAM 5 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 BIOL 1108 EXAM 5 WITHCORRECT ANSWERS
A neuron exposed to snake venom - CORRECT ANSWERS-neurotoxin blocks
voltage-gated K+ channels from opening
is a vicious poison that can be fatal to human. Symptoms include loss of
muscle control, paralysis, and muscle seizures
Lidocaine blocks - CORRECT ANSWERS-voltage-gated Na+ channels from
opening
Stimuli are transduced by sensory neurons - CORRECT ANSWERS-through
opening or closing transduction channels to change Vm
When Vm becomes more positive than threshold, - CORRECT ANSWERS-the
neuron generates an action potential
Explain the ways that information is transmitted in neurons based on the
type of stimulus (light, chemical, mechanical) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Sound is
mechanically gated
Light is light gated
Gustation is voltage-gated
Smell is chemically gated
Touch is mechanically gated
Sensory neurons - CORRECT ANSWERS-get information about what's going
on inside and outside of the body and bring that information into the CNS so
it can be processed. For instance, if you picked up a hot coal, sensory
neurons with endings in your fingertips would convey the information to your
CNS that it was really hot.
Motor neurons - CORRECT ANSWERS-get information from other neurons and
convey commands to your muscles, organs and glands. For instance, if you
picked up a hot coal, it motor neurons innervating the muscles in your
fingers would cause your hand to let go.
Interneurons - CORRECT ANSWERS-which are found only in the CNS, connect
one neuron to another. They receive information from other neurons (either
,sensory neurons or interneurons) and transmit information to other neurons
(either motor neurons or interneurons).
Describe how signals are transduced to result in depolarization of different
types of sensory neurons - CORRECT ANSWERS-The most fundamental
function of a sensory system is the translation of a sensory signal to an
electrical signal in the nervous system. This takes place at the sensory
receptor. The change in electrical potential that is produced is called the
receptor potential. Sensory receptors for the various senses work differently
from each other. They are specialized according to the type of stimulus they
sense; thus, they have receptor specificity. Four aspects of sensory
information are encoded by sensory systems: the type of stimulus, the
location of the stimulus in the receptive field, the duration of the stimulus,
and the relative intensity of the stimulus. The brain distinguishes sensory
stimuli through a sensory pathway: action potentials from sensory receptors
travel along neurons that are dedicated to a particular stimulus.
Explain how the opening of ion channels results in depolarization of neurons -
CORRECT ANSWERS-When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors
located on a neuron's dendrites, ion channels open. At excitatory synapses,
this opening allows positive ions to enter the neuron and results in
depolarization of the membrane—a decrease in the difference in voltage
between the inside and outside of the neuron.
List and describe the ways ion channels are regulated - CORRECT ANSWERS-
regulated by neurotransmitters and hormone
toxins enter the food chain where? - CORRECT ANSWERS-at the lowest level
then work their way up the food chain as each prey gets eaten
Define bioaccumulation - CORRECT ANSWERS-the accumulation of
substances, such as pesticides, or other chemicals in an organism. enters at
the lowest level and builds/works it way up the food chain as each prey gets
eaten
at each trophic level what happens with the accumulation of toxins? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-it increases exponentially
what materials bioaccumulate for a compound to be bio accumulative? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-1. must be long lasting so it can stick around in the food
chain for many years
2. must be soluble in lipids (non polar) so it can be stored in fat deposits
3. must be biologically active so it can be harmful (can be heavy metal like
mercury)
, How do toxins enter a food chain? - CORRECT ANSWERS-ingested, absorbed
through skin, inhaled, and plants can take them in directly from the soil
when herbivores eat contaminated plants the toxins accumulate in their -
CORRECT ANSWERS-fatty tissues
when are toxins released into the bloodstream? - CORRECT ANSWERS-when
an animal uses body fat for energy. it harms vital organs and systems.
can also be released from breast tissue in milk production and consumed by
nursing offspring
Define biomagnification - CORRECT ANSWERS-process in which chemical
substances become more concentrated at each trophic level
occurs when pollutants taken up by organisms at the base of the food chain
reach high concentrations in the bodies of animals at the top of the food
chain.
Organisms at the top of the food chain are at - CORRECT ANSWERS-a greater
risk of damage due to biomagnification
rods - CORRECT ANSWERS-detect light and dark
cones - CORRECT ANSWERS-detect different wave lengths of light
color vision is pretty similar between humans and birds, but birds have cones
that respond to - CORRECT ANSWERS-UV light
What happens when light is detected? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Light
(photon) hits a receptor protein ( R ) called opsin
2. Opsin undergoes conformational change that activates another protein
called a G protein (G)
3. The G protein triggers a signaling cascade (E for effectors)
4. The effectors cause the cell to have an action potential
ion channels can be regulated (or not). they can open when: - CORRECT
ANSWERS-- Another molecule binds to them (ligand gated)
- A force is applied to them (mechanically gated)
- A voltage is applied to them (voltage gated)
- Or they can just be open/not regulated (sometimes called "leak channels")
What has a higher concentration out of cells? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Na+ and
Ca++
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