Contractarianism correct answers Principles of justice are principles we would select as the object of a collective choice.
Harm Principle correct answers Mills: The only legitimate reason capable of justifying liberty limiting legislation is that this legislation is intended to, and would be ef...
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Contractarianism correct answers Principles of justice are principles we would select as the
object of a collective choice.
Harm Principle correct answers Mills: The only legitimate reason capable of justifying liberty
limiting legislation is that this legislation is intended to, and would be effective at preventing
harm to persons other than the individual whose liberty is so limited. (Harm to others)
Difference Principle correct answers States that economic and social equalities (or inequalities)
should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least-advantaged members of society
Maximin Reasoning correct answers Make sure the worst possible outcome of your choice is as
good as you can make it
primary goods correct answers the things every rational person must be presumed to want,
necessary for the pursuit of any conception of the good. They are necessary to insure that all
have equality of opportunity.
Original Position correct answers a morally credentialled choosing position, from which we
decide on principles for the basic structure of society. Circumstances of the OP insure that the
agreement reached will be fair.
Principle of Moralism correct answers It is legitimate to justify liberty limiting legislation on the
ground that it prevents people from doing what is morally wrong, even when the behavior in
question is harmless.
Principle of Paternalism correct answers It is legitimate to justify liberty limiting legislation on
the ground that it would prevent people from engaging in behavior that, while harmless to others,
poses harm or risk of harm to themselves.
Utilitarianism correct answers idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest
happiness for the greatest number of people
Leopold's Key Log Principle correct answers "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the
integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise."
legal standing correct answers An individual has legal standing just in case it has interests, and
can be represented as a primary litigant or plaintiff in court.
Moral Standing correct answers A thing has moral standing if and only if it is an appropriate
primary object of moral concern and respect.
Brundtland Sustainability correct answers Institutions, policies, and management practices are
sustainable if and only if they "meet the needs of the present generation without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their needs" (Adapted from WCED 1987, p. 43).
, Solow Sustainability correct answers Institutions, policies, or management practices are
sustainable if and only if their operation leaves later generations capital resources that are value-
equivalent to the capital resources available to earlier generations.
Explain and critically evaluate one of Beckerman's arguments against the idea that we can have
obligations of justice toward future generations. correct answers Since people from distant
generations cannot cooperate, they are not in the circumstances of justice with respect to one
another.
Therefore there can be no such thing as justice between generations.
Future generations inevitably do not exist
Makes sense to plan for the future that exists!
Is Leopold's land ethic adequate to provide a response to the climate crisis? Explain the central
elements of Leopold's view, and apply it to the problem of climate change. Then evaluate
whether it is adequate. correct answers Guide us toward making better choices than worse
"A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic
community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise."
"All ethics so far evolved rest upon a single premise: that the individual is a member of a
community of interdependent parts. (...) The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the
community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land." (SCA 203-4)
Draw a Prisoners' Dilemma or Commons Tragedy Matrix, and explain why some people believe
that climate policy is essentially a prisoners' dilemma or commons tragedy. Then explain and
critically evaluate (briefly) Gardiner's argument against this idea. correct answers Two kinds of
problems with commons tragedy
- Free-rider problem
- Coordination Problem
Good thing with prisoners dilemma and commons tragedy
- There is an outcome for everyone
Argument about climate change isn't a prisoners dilemma
People are making choices for themselves
People are making choices for nations
Climate change is a public goods problem
Prisoners' dilemma is individuals on both sides
Gardiner: Since, in the context of climate change, there are people who would be disadvantaged
by an agreement, the problem of climate agreement is not a Commons Tragedy.
Gardiner: Further, since different agreements favor different parties differently, settling on terms
for an international climate agreement is not like settling on a cooperative outcome in a PD or
commons tragedy.
According to Gardiner, climate policy is made more difficult by "fragmented agency" and
"institutional inadequacy." Explain and critically evaluate Gardiner's view on these two issues.
correct answers Fragmentation of Agency: Nations are collectives with different interests, not
persons with coherent interests, and agency is distributed widely within the population. It is
because of this that PD is a dangerous misdiagnosis of the problem.
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