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APSC 151 Geology Final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
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APSC 151 Geology Final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

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APSC 151 Geology Final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated
2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

What are the 4 spheres? And define them - Hydrosphere - oceans, glacial ice, freshwater

Atmosphere - air

Biosphere - living things

Geosphere - rocks, landforms and earth's interior



What is uniformitarianism? - If it is happening now, it has happened before and it will happen again.
Things happen slowly



What is catastrophism? - One big sudden change, only true for meteor impacts. Shaping earth's
landscape by catastrophes



Talk about Earth as a system - - Four systems are linked through their interactions

- Is powered by energy from the sun and heat from earth's interior

- Humans are part of this system, our actions produce large scale changes in all four spheres



What is physical geology? - Study of earth materials to understand processes that operate on and
beneath its surface



What is historical geology? - Study of the origin of the earth and its development through time



What is the Big Bang Theory? - Large explosion that sent all matter in the universe flying outwards at
incredible speeds



What is the nebular hypothesis? - Bodies in the solar system evolved from solar nebula



How are protosun and protoplanets formed? - Formed by contracting, slowly spiraling nebula



What happened 4.6-4.3 BYA - - matter congeals enough to form the earth

,- the earth will now be bombarded by various rocks from space

- moon forms from collison



What happened in the hadeon eon? - - 4.3 - 3.8 BYA

- unstable crust forms

- there was no life

- iron is pulled to core

- lighter elements to the surface



What happened in the archaen eon? - - 3.8 - 2.5 BYA

- Constant volcanic activity

- No continents

- Atmosphere full of methane and devoid of oxygen

- oceans are acidic and full of dissolved iron

- Bacteria form and create oxygen



What are the types of seismic waves? - P waves, S waves, surface waves



What are the layers of the earth? - - crust (solid)

- mantle (plastic solid)

- core (liquid outer, solid inner)



What is the rock cycle? - the rock cycle is a loop where one type of rock changes to another. Rocks
constantly form, change and re-form over long spans of time



Steps of the rock cycle - 1. Molten magma becomes igneous rock

2. Weathering creates sediments

3. Sediments lithify into sedimentary rock

4. Burial and heat produce metamorphic rock

,5. More heat then start over



Physical properties of the lithosphere - rigid

brittle

forms the plates

thinnest layer (100-200km thick)

moves on melted boundary



Properties of the Asthenosphere - weaker

slightly melted



Properties of the mesosphere - lower mantle

gradual flow



Properties of the core - composed of iron and nickel



What is an Eon? - Eon - greatest expanse of time



Dating with radioactivity - - determines that earth is about 4.6 BYO

- dinosaurs were extinct about 66 million years ago



What is absolute age dating? - specifying the actual number of years that have passed since an event
occured



What is radioactive decay? - the breakdown of an isotope



What is radiometric dating? - Calculate the ages of rocks and minerals that contain particular isotopes

, What is a half-life - the time required for half of the parent radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay to
"daughter" products



What is relative dating - Events are placed in their proper sequence or order without knowing their age
in years



What is the law of superposition - younger rock layers are deposited over older rock layers



what is the principle of fossil succession? - fossil organisms success each other in a determinable order



What are the principles of original horizontality? - - layers of sediment initially are horizontal

- flat rock layers have not been disturbed



Principle of cross-cutting relations - Younger features (dykes, faults) cut across older features (pre-
existing rocks).



What are unconformities? - a break or gap in the rock record caused by erosion or non-deposition



What are index fossils? - wide spread geographically and limited to a short span of geological time



What is a continent (tectonics) - prominent features are linear mountain belts and shields



What are ocean basins - oceanic ridge system and deep ocean trenches



What is continental drift - A theory that the earth's surface is broken into several pieces that float on the
layer of the earth called its "mantle"



What are plate tectonics? - current detailed understanding of HOW continents move and interact



What are the past super continents? - Pangea

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