APSC151 Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025
Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
Triple Bottom Line - people, planet, profit
nebular hypothesis - bodies in solar system evolved from solar nebula
earth forms - 4.6-4.5 bya
Earth's internal structure - crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
time periods - eon, era, period, epoch
phanerozoic eon - paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic eras
radiometric dating - calculating ages of rocks and minerals that contain a particular isotope
relative dating - principle of fossil succession, law of superposition
first life - 4 bya, anerobic archaea, archaen eon
stromatolites - bacterial colonies, archaen eon
proterozoic eon - oxygenation, major ice age, first great extinction
ordovician period - major extinction due to ice age
carboniferous period - age of coal, large forests
,permian period - pangea forms(breaks up in triassic), permian extinction
mezozoic era - age of dinosaurs
tertiary period - cretaceous-tertiary extinction, mammals thrive
quaternary period - rise of humans
anthropocene - new epoch declared in 2016
lithosphere - uppermost mantle and overlying crust, tectonic plates
asthenosphere - weaker region in mantle below lithosphere
continental drift evidence - fit of continents, ancient ice ages, fossils, paleomagnetics, rock types and
structures
plate tectonics - lithospheric plates move relative to one another, driven by convection in mantle, 2-
5cm/yr
hotspots - dynamic crust moves over stationary plumes of molten magma in mantle, hawaii
divergent boundary - two plates move apart, new seafloor come sup, mostly at ocean ridges and rift
valleys, iceland
transform boundary - plates slide past each other without generating or consuming lithosphere, san
andreas fault
convergent boundary - two plates move together and collide or oceanic crust descends into mantle,
ocean-continent, continent-continent, ocean-ocean
, subduction zone - consumption of crust into mantle
earth's spheres - biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere
risk - likelihood x consequence
bauxite ore - aluminum
minerals - naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, ordered internal structure, definite chemical composition
elements in earths crust - oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium
polymorph - elements that form more than one geometric arrangement
mineral properties - crystal habit, lustre, colour, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture
mineral classes - silicates, oxides, hydroxides, sulphides, sulphates, native elements, halides, carbonates
magma - forms from partial melting of rocks in earth, rises up through mantle and lithosphere
melt(liquid), solid, and volatile(gas) components
lava - magma that reaches surface
igneous rocks - magma that cools and solidifies
extrusive- solidifies at surface, explosive or flowing
intrusive- forms at depth, crystallizes slowly, forms plutons
sheild volcano - low viscosity, low angle, very large, hawaii- mauna loa, killauea
