Single Crystal - Periodic atom arrangement without grain boundaries.
Polycrystalline - Multiple crystals with varying orientations.
Grain Boundary - Boundary where atomic alignment differs in polycrystalline materials.
, Anisotropy - Directional property variation in materials.
Isotropy - Uniform property distribution in all directions.
X-ray Diffraction - Analyzing crystal structures using x-ray patterns, following Bragg's Law.
Bragg's Law - Relates x-ray diffraction angles to crystal lattice spacing.
Crystalline defect - Lattice irregularities in solids
Vacancies - Empty atom sites in a crystal lattice
Self-interstitials - Atoms positioned in the interstitial spaces of a crystal lattice
Equilibrium number of vacancies equation - Ratio of vacancies to total atom sites
Hume-Rothery rules - Guidelines for solid solution formation
Atomic size factor (Hume-Rothery) - solid solution only when the difference in atomic radii between the
two atom types is less than about ±15%. Otherwise, the solute atoms create substantial lattice
distortions and a new phase forms
Crystal structure (Hume-Rothery) - For appreciable solid solubility, the crystal structures for metals of
both atom types must be the same.
Electronegativity factor (Hume-Rothery) - The more electropositive one element and the more
electronegative the other, the greater the likelihood that they will form an intermetallic compound
instead of a substitutional solid solution
Valences (Hume-Rothery) - Other factors being equal, a metal has more of a tendency to dissolve
another metal of higher valency than to dissolve one of a lower valency.
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