Complete summary of the book Human Physiology - Dee-Unglaub Silverthorn. Part of the study material for the admission of SUMMA - Selective Utrecht Medical Master, at Utrecht University. Summary of all physiological processes in the human body. Also with learning objectives.
This has allowed me to...
Human Physiology
- An Integrated Approach
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
,Introduction to Physiology
Summary
Emergent properties: properties that cannot be predicted to exist based only on knowledge of the
system’s individual components (results from complex interactions between components)
Function → why does a system work a certain way
Mechanism → how does the system work
Homeostasis: maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
Law of mass balance: if amount of substance in a body is constant, input must be offset by equal loss
Feedforward control: body can predict a change coming and starts response in anticipation of the
change
,Molecular Interactions
Molecules and Bonds
Lipids
- Biomolecules of mostly carbon and hydrogen
- Most have glycerol backbone with 1-3 fatty acids
- Nonpolar and not soluble in water
- Fats → solid at room temperature
- Oils → liquid at room temperature
- Saturated → no double bonds between carbon atoms
- Lipid related structures
- Eicosanoids: 2- carbon fatty acids with carbon ring and 2 carbon tails
- Prostaglandin, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
- Steroids: four linked carbon rings
- Cholesterol, cortisol
- Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
- Cell membrane
Carbohydrates
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- Monosaccharides
- Five carbon sugars → ribose, deoxyribose
- Six carbon sugars → fructose, glucose, galactose
- Disaccharides
- Sucrose, maltose, lactose
- Polysaccharides
- Glycogen, cellulose, starch
Proteins
- Polymers of amino acids
- Essential amino acids are ones we do not produce ourselves (enough)
- Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
- Secondary structure: a-helix or B-sheet
- Tertiary structure: globular, fibrous (3D shape)
- Quaternary structure: combination of subunits
Nucleotides
- Phosphate group + five carbon sugar + nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine)
- Form DNA, RNA, ATP, ADP, cyclic ATP
- Guanine binds with Cytosine (triple bond)
, - Adenine binds with Thymine (double bond)
Covalent bonds
- Two atoms share electrons → unpaired electrons in outer shells pair up
- Strong bond that forms molecules
- Require the most energy to make and break
- Molecules can be polar or nonpolar depending on partial charges (even distribution or not)
Ionic bonds
- Electrostatic attraction between ions
- Ex. Na+ and Cl-
Hydrogen bonds
- Bonds between hydrogen atoms and O, N, or F
- By polar regions of water atoms
Van der waals forces
- Weak and nonspecific attractions between atoms
Noncovalent Interactions
Solubility
- Hydrophilic: molecules that are soluble in water
- Hydrophobic: molecules that do not dissolve well in water (usually nonpolar molecules)
- Phospholipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts → membrane
Acids and bases
- Acids contribute H+ to solution and bases take up H+
- pH = -log(H+ concentration), more H+ → less pH → more acidic
Protein Interactions
Categories
- Enzymes: biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
- Membrane transporters: move substances between extracellular and intracellular
compartments
- Signal molecules: hormones / signal things
- Receptors: bind signal molecules and initiate cellular response
- Binding proteins: bind and transport molecules throughout the boy
- Immunoglobulins: antibodies protect from invaders
- Regulatory proteins: regulate cell processes (ex. transcription factors)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller frankaverlaan. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.58. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
