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english summary module 1 and 2 (+ legal topics)
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english summary module 1 and 2 (+ legal topics)
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CHAPTER ONE : VERB TENSES (PAGE 9-39)PRESENT TENSES
1. The simple present
Form:
- Base form of a verb
- In the 3th person we add -s or -es
I play I go
you play you go
he plays he goes
we play we go
you play you go
they play they go
Negative forms:
- We use do not or don’t + the base form of a verb
I just do not know the answer
The neighbours don’t take any notice
- In the 3th person we use does not or doesn’t
The journey doesn’t take long
Interrogative forms: questions
- We use do + the base form of a verb
Do you know the answer?
- In the 3th person we use does + the base form of a verb
Does tom know the answer?
Use:
- A permanent fact
I live in Antwerp
- A general truth
The sun rises in the east
- Repeated actions; routines, habits, jobs, things that happen again and
again
The old man walks his dog every morning
-> always, often, usually, sometimes, ever, never, every day, ever month,
…
- Future events seen as part of a timetable
The train leaves at 4 o’clock in the afternoon
,2. The present continuous
Form:
- Present of to be + ing form
I’m playing
you’re
playing
he’s playing
we’re
playing
you’re
Negative forms:
- Present of to be + not + ing form
I’m not playing
They aren’t playing
Interrogative forms: question
- Am I playing?
- Are they playing?
Use:
- An action that is going at the moment of speaking
The Eurostar is leaving waterloo station now
- An action that is not necessarily going on at the moment of speaking
He is teaching German nowadays
- A temporary situation in the present
She’s living at her aunts until she has found a place of her own
- A gradual development (= gelijdelijke ontwikkeling)
He is growing older
-> typical time expressions: now, at the moment, at present, just
Special use:
- To express that we are irritated or annoyed by a particular habit
I’m always losing things, I can never find anything
-> always, continually, for ever
- Definite arrangement in the near future
I’m meeting Mark tonight
PAST TENSES
,1. The simple past
Form:
- Infinitive of a verb + add (e)d
I played
you played
he played
we played
you played
they played
Negative forms:
- Did not / didn’t + infinitive
She didn’t word yesterday
I didn’t teach French
Interrogative forms:
- Did + subject + infinitive
Did you see him?
Did he dance?
Use:
- Actions which happened and finished in the past
We went to Berlin last year
Henry and Susan married last week
He was born in 2005
-> yesterday, the other day, last (week), ago, just now, in + year
- To denote a sequence of events and actions in the past
Tom ran and ran. He never looked round and he only stopped when
he reached home
- To denote a past habit
Many people walked five miles to work in those days
2. The pas continuous
Form:
- Simple past of to be + ing form of the verb
, I was playing
you were
playing
he was playing
we were
playing
you were
Use:
- To denote an action that was going on at a past moment of during a past
period
He was studying from nine to twelve last night
- Background action
Peter called while you were watching television
- To denote two actions which continued over the same period in the past
Mrs Mittins was laughing while her husband was singing
- For an action that interrupted an action that was going on
He came in when I was reading a book
PERFECT TENSES
1. The present perfect
Form:
- Have + past participle
I have worked
you have
worked
he has worked
we have worked
you have
Negative forms:
- I haven’t worked
- He hasn’t worked
Interrogative forms:
- Have you worked?
- Has she worked?
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