Tidal Marsh - They buffer stormy seas, slow shoreline erosion and are able to absorb
excess nutrients before they reach oceans and estuaries.
Wet Meadow - a type of marsh that commonly occurs in poorly drained areas such as
shallow lake basins, low-lying farmland, and the land between shallow marshes and
upland areas. Some are found high in the mountains on poorly drained soil. These
wetlands, which often resemble grasslands, are typically drier than other marshes
except during periods of seasonal high water.
Prairie Potholes - are depressional wetlands (primarily freshwater marshes) found most
often in the Upper Midwest, especially North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and
Minnesota. This formerly glaciated landscape is pockmarked with an immense number
of potholes, which fill with snowmelt and rain in the spring.
Vernal Pools - seasonal depressional wetlands that occur under the Mediterranean
climate conditions of the West Coast and in glaciated areas of northeastern and
midwestern states. They are covered by shallow water for variable periods from winter
to spring, but may be completely dry for most of the summer and fall. Beneath lies either
bedrock or a hard clay layer in the soil that helps keep water in the pool.
Playa Lakes - round hollows in the ground in the Southern High Plains of the United
States. They are ephemeral, meaning that they are only present at certain times of the
year. important because they store water in a part of the country that receives as little
as twenty inches of rain a year and where there are no permanent rivers or streams.
swamp - any wetland dominated by woody plants. characterized by saturated soils
during the growing season and standing water during certain times of the year.
Forested Swamps/Bottomland hardwood swamp - They are often inundated with
floodwater from nearby rivers and streams. Sometimes, they are covered by many feet
of very slowly moving or standing water. Some of the common species of trees found in
these wetlands are Red Maple and Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) in the Northern United
States, Overcup Oak (Quercus lyrata) and Cypress in the South, and Willows (Salix
spp.) and Western Hemlock (Tsuga sp.) in the Northwest.
Shrub Swamps - shrubby vegetation such as Buttonbush, Willow, Dogwood (Cornus
sp.) and Swamp Rose (Rosa palustris) predominates. In fact, forested and shrub
swamps are often found adjacent to one another. The soil is often water logged for
much of the year and covered at times by as much as a few feet of water because this
type of swamp is found along slow moving streams and in floodplains. Mangrove
, swamps are a type of shrub swamp dominated by mangroves that covers vast
expanses of southern Florida.
Bogs - characterized by spongy peat deposits, acidic waters and a floor covered by a
thick carpet of sphagnum moss. receive all or most of their water from precipitation
rather than from runoff, groundwater or streams. As a result, they are low in the
nutrients needed for plant growth, a condition that is enhanced by acid forming peat
mosses.
terrestrialization - bogs can form as sphagnum moss grows over a lake or pond and
slowly fills it
paludification - bogs can form as sphagnum moss blankets dry land and prevents water
from leaving the surface
Pocosins - comes from the Algonquin Native American word for "swamp on a hill."
These evergreen shrub and tree dominated landscapes are found on the Atlantic
Coastal Plain. Usually, there is no standing water present in pocosins, but a shallow
water table leaves the soil saturated for much of the year.
Fens - peat-forming wetlands that receive nutrients from sources other than
precipitation: usually from upslope sources through drainage from surrounding mineral
soils and from groundwater movement. differ from bogs because they are less acidic
and have higher nutrient levels. Therefore, they are able to support a much more
diverse plant and animal community.
Peat - a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of
partly decomposed vegetable matter. It is widely cut and dried for use in gardening and
as fuel.
Sandy Soil - are light, warm, dry and tend to be acidic and low in nutrients. They are
often known as light soils due to their high proportion of sand and little clay (clay weighs
more than sand). These soils have quick water drainage and are easy to work with.
They are quicker to warm up in spring than clay soils but tend to dry out in summer and
suffer from low nutrients that are washed away by rain. The addition of organic matter
can help give plants an additional boost of nutrients by improving the nutrient and water
holding capacity of the soil.
Clay Soil - are heavy soils that benefit from high nutrients. They remain wet and cold in
winter and dry out in summer. These soils are made of over 25 percent clay, and
because of the spaces found between clay particles, clay soils hold a high amount of
water. Because these soils drain slowly and take longer to warm up in summer,
combined with drying out and cracking in summer, they can often test gardeners.
Silt Soil - are light and moisture retentive soils with a high fertility rating. They are
comprise of medium sized particles they are well drained and hold moisture well. As the
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