Osmol gap normal range and heat does an elevated value mean - Normal range is <10
mOsm/kg; elevated levels indicate ethyl alcohol (etoh) consumption
What triggers renin releases - Triggered by dehydration; involved in the regulation of
blood pressure
What does a cirrhosis and HF do to oncotic pressure - Increased in cirrhosis; decreased
in heart failure
What does an elevated serum osmolality pull - Elevated levels pull potassium
What acid base imbalance can thiazide diuretics cause and why - Cause metabolic
alkalosis due to aldosterone stimulation of Na and bicarb reabsorption in proximal
tubule
ACIDOSIS r/t potassium - Associated with hyperkalemia
what IL is associated with Crohns and why - inflammation associated with IL-4
Adherence seen with WBC - Diapedesis
First line of immune defense and example - Innate immunity; intact mucosal
An anamnestic immune response due to maternal antibodies - Hemolytic anemia of a
newborn
Flu and infection release - Cytokine
Mycobacterium avium - Acid fast bacteria with a super thick cell wall; requires long haul
antibiotics to break through
Why are sickle cell pts at a greater risk for pneumococcal infections - due to asplenia
Sickle cell pt get what type of fluid - Hypotonic
Used to diagnose hemarthrosis - PTT
Iron deficit is common in - Common in childbearing age
, Hodgkin's lymphoma CM - Reed Sternberg cells, weight loss, night sweats, enlarged
mass on right side of neck
Leukemia causes what platelet change - Causes thrombocytopenia
Pulmonary resistance is equal to adults at X weeks - Equal to adults at 8 weeks
Causes loss of atrial kick, resulting in lack of cardiac output and potential syncope - A-
fib
Can cause pulmonary edema; hypertrophy is not acute during surgery - Aortic stenosis
Community-acquired pneumonia is caused by - Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hypovolemic shock from diarrhea causes pyruvate to produce.... - Caused by diarrhea,
leading to pyruvate production and lactic acidosis
Croup often causes by - Caused by parainfluenza virus
Factor V Leiden Mutation often causes - Causes hypercoagulability and is associated
with pulmonary embolism
COPD FEV1 - Characterized by low FEV1
Takes weeks to develop and is seen in elderly individuals who fall - Subdural hematoma
Fontanels are not all closed until - Do not close until 18 months
Cerebral palsy causes - Caused by injury or abnormal brain development; hemorrhage
during birth can be a cause
Responsible for lack of coordination - Cerebellum
Subarachnoid can cause irritation to meninges due to contact with ______ - Pia
Decrease cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism can lead to______ due
to_______ - Can lead to depression due to decreased 5-HT
Addison's - Hypofunction of adrenal cortex; lack of aldosterone and cortisol
Increased ADH leads to - Leads to SIADH
Rhabdomyolysis causes - May be triggered by influenza or medications such as statins
Best measure of renal function - GFR
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