NUR 3128 Module 13 Final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated
2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
Cardiac output - ___ is calculated by multiplying the heart rate in beats per minute
(beats/min) by the stroke volume (volume of blood ejected during systole) in liters per
beat
cardiac output - The factors that determine ___ are (1) preload, (2) afterload, (3)
myocardial contractility, and (4) heart rate. Preload, afterload, and contractility all affect
stroke volume
Preload - ___ is the volume and pressure inside the ventricle at the
end of diastole
Described in two ways
•ventricular end-diastolic volume [VEDV]
•ventricular end-diastolic pressure [VEDP].
Preload - ___ is determined by
two primary factors:
•the amount of blood left in the ventricle after systole (end-systolic volume)
•the amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole.
afterload - -Ventricular ___ is the resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle.
-It is the load the muscle must move during contraction.
-The aortic systolic pressure is an index of ___. (ex. SBP)
-Pressure in the ventricle must exceed the aortic pressure before blood can be pumped
out during systole.
afterload - •Affects cardiac output
•Pressure in aorta that must be overcome before blood is ejected from left ventricle
•Lowering blood pressure creates less afterload, resulting in less workload for the heart
Coronary artery disease (CAD) - -caused by atherosclerosis is the primary cause of
heart disease in the United States.
, -___ can diminish the myocardial blood supply until deprivation impairs myocardial
metabolism enough to cause myocardial ischemia
myocardial ischemia - - a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood
supply.
-The cells remain alive but cannot function normally.
acute coronary syndromes - -Persistent ischemia or the complete occlusion of a
coronary artery causes the ___, including MI (heart attack).
modifiable
coronary artery disease - ___ risk factors linked to the development of ___:
-Dyslipidemia (abnormal levels of cholesterol and fats in the blood)
-Hypertension (high blood pressure)
-Cigarette smoking
-Diabetes/insulin resistance
-Obesity/sedentary lifestyle
-Atherogenic diet (a diet high in saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol)
Dyslipidemia - refers to abnormal concentrations of serum lipoproteins
atherogenic diet - Diets high in salt, fats, trans-fats, and carbohydrates all have been
implicated
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) - -a protein synthesized in the liver and is
used as an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque-related inflammation.
-MOST important clinically; measure of plaque related inflammation
Troponin I (TnI) - -is a serum protein whose measurement is used as a sensitive and
specific diagnostic test to help identify myocardial injury during acute coronary
syndromes.
-Serum protein sensitive and diagnostic to myocardial injury
Adipokines - ___ are a group of hormones released from adipose cells. -Obesity causes
increased levels of leptin and decreased levels of ___ that are associated with
inflammation, endothelial injury, and thrombosis.
chronic kidney disease (CKD) - -In individuals with ___, a decline in glomerular filtration
rate is associated with an increasing risk for CAD.
-___ is associated with dyslipidemia, endothelial injury, and vascular calcification, which
contribute to atherogenesis.
air pollution - -Exposure to ___ is strongly correlated with coronary risk. -It is postulated
that toxins in ___ contribute to macrophage activation, oxidation of LDL, thrombosis,
and inflammation of vessel walls.
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