A&P 2 BLOOD TEST REVIEW
What are the major components of the blood? - answer- plasma and formed elements
What are the formed elements? - answer- erythrocytes, red bood cells
Leukocytes, white blood cells
Platelets, for clotting
What are the three basic functions of blood and an explanation of each? - answer- 1)
distribution: blood transports oxygen fro mteh lungs and nutrients fro mthe digestive
tract, metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination, and
hormones from endocrine glands to target organs.
2) regulation: blood maintains appropriate body temperature by absorbing and
distributing heat, normal ph in body tissues using buffer systems, and adequate fluid
volume in the circulatory system.
3) protection:l blood protects against blood loss by activating plasma proteins and
platelets, initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken and prevents infection by
synthesizing and utilizing antibodies, activating complement proteins, and activating
wbc's to defend the body against foreign invaders.
What is anemia? - answer- abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Is a
symptom, not a disease. Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism.
What are types of anemia that occur when there is insufficient number of erythrocytes? -
answer- 1) hemorrhagic anemia: result of acute or chronic loss of blood
2) hemolytic anemia: prematurely ruptured erythrocytes - often caused by fever
3) aplastic anemia: destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow - can be caused by
chemicals
What types of anemia occur when there is insufficient hemoglobin content? - answer- 1)
iron deficiency anemia: resulting from -
A secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia
Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods
Impaired iron absorption
2) pernicious anemia: resulting from -
Deficiency of vitamin b12
Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of b12. Treated by injection of b12 or
application of nascobal
What are complications of anemia? - answer- hemorrohagic anemia, hemolytic anemia,
aplastic anemia, iron-deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia
What is a normal hemoglobin value? - answer- 13-18 grams per 100 ml of blood in adult
males
12-16 grams per 100 ml of blood in adult females
, What is sickle cell anemia? - answer- abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin s
resulting from defective gene coding. Hbs has a single amino acid substitution in the
beta chain, which cuases rbc's to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations
What is polycythemia? - answer- excess rbc's that increase blood viscosity, high
hemocrit, increased blood volume, increased blood pressure.
What are leukocytes? - answer- white blood cells. Only blood components that are
complete cells.1% of blood.
What is leukocytosis? - answer- wbc count over 11,000 per cubic millimeter. Caused by
bacterial or viral invasion.
What is a granulocyte? Name the three types. - answer- neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
They contain cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically acidic, basic, or both, with
wright's stain. Larger and shorter lived than rbc's. Phagocytic cells with lobed nuclei.
What are the characteristics and functions of the neutrophil? - answer- most abundant
granulocyte. 60-70% of all wbc's.
Two types of granules that take up both acidic and basic dyes.
Cytoplasm lilac color.
2-6 lobed nucleus with finely distributed granules in cytoplasm containing lysozymes
and defensis - antibiotic-like proteins.
Phagocytic function.
Lots indicate bacterial infection. Bacterial slayers
What are the functions and characteristics of the eosinophil? - answer- 2-4% of all
wbc's.
Have red/orange staining.
Bilobed nuclei connected via a broad band of nuclear material.
Red to crimson, acidophilic, large, coarse, lysosome-like granules.
Lead body's counterattack against parasitic worms and lessen severity of allergies by
phagocytizing immune complexes.
Lots indicates allergic reaction or parasitic worm infection.
What are the characteristics and functions of the basophil? - answer- 0.5-1% of all wbc -
fewest of granulocytes.
Have u or s shaped biolobed nuclei - two or three conspicuous constrictions.
Functionally similar to mast cells - releases histamines that enhance allergic reactions
and inflammatory responses.
Have large purplish-black, basophilic granules that contain histamine.
Also produce heparin - anticoagulant that removes fat from the blood
What are the major components of the blood? - answer- plasma and formed elements
What are the formed elements? - answer- erythrocytes, red bood cells
Leukocytes, white blood cells
Platelets, for clotting
What are the three basic functions of blood and an explanation of each? - answer- 1)
distribution: blood transports oxygen fro mteh lungs and nutrients fro mthe digestive
tract, metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination, and
hormones from endocrine glands to target organs.
2) regulation: blood maintains appropriate body temperature by absorbing and
distributing heat, normal ph in body tissues using buffer systems, and adequate fluid
volume in the circulatory system.
3) protection:l blood protects against blood loss by activating plasma proteins and
platelets, initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken and prevents infection by
synthesizing and utilizing antibodies, activating complement proteins, and activating
wbc's to defend the body against foreign invaders.
What is anemia? - answer- abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Is a
symptom, not a disease. Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism.
What are types of anemia that occur when there is insufficient number of erythrocytes? -
answer- 1) hemorrhagic anemia: result of acute or chronic loss of blood
2) hemolytic anemia: prematurely ruptured erythrocytes - often caused by fever
3) aplastic anemia: destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow - can be caused by
chemicals
What types of anemia occur when there is insufficient hemoglobin content? - answer- 1)
iron deficiency anemia: resulting from -
A secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia
Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods
Impaired iron absorption
2) pernicious anemia: resulting from -
Deficiency of vitamin b12
Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of b12. Treated by injection of b12 or
application of nascobal
What are complications of anemia? - answer- hemorrohagic anemia, hemolytic anemia,
aplastic anemia, iron-deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia
What is a normal hemoglobin value? - answer- 13-18 grams per 100 ml of blood in adult
males
12-16 grams per 100 ml of blood in adult females
, What is sickle cell anemia? - answer- abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin s
resulting from defective gene coding. Hbs has a single amino acid substitution in the
beta chain, which cuases rbc's to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations
What is polycythemia? - answer- excess rbc's that increase blood viscosity, high
hemocrit, increased blood volume, increased blood pressure.
What are leukocytes? - answer- white blood cells. Only blood components that are
complete cells.1% of blood.
What is leukocytosis? - answer- wbc count over 11,000 per cubic millimeter. Caused by
bacterial or viral invasion.
What is a granulocyte? Name the three types. - answer- neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
They contain cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically acidic, basic, or both, with
wright's stain. Larger and shorter lived than rbc's. Phagocytic cells with lobed nuclei.
What are the characteristics and functions of the neutrophil? - answer- most abundant
granulocyte. 60-70% of all wbc's.
Two types of granules that take up both acidic and basic dyes.
Cytoplasm lilac color.
2-6 lobed nucleus with finely distributed granules in cytoplasm containing lysozymes
and defensis - antibiotic-like proteins.
Phagocytic function.
Lots indicate bacterial infection. Bacterial slayers
What are the functions and characteristics of the eosinophil? - answer- 2-4% of all
wbc's.
Have red/orange staining.
Bilobed nuclei connected via a broad band of nuclear material.
Red to crimson, acidophilic, large, coarse, lysosome-like granules.
Lead body's counterattack against parasitic worms and lessen severity of allergies by
phagocytizing immune complexes.
Lots indicates allergic reaction or parasitic worm infection.
What are the characteristics and functions of the basophil? - answer- 0.5-1% of all wbc -
fewest of granulocytes.
Have u or s shaped biolobed nuclei - two or three conspicuous constrictions.
Functionally similar to mast cells - releases histamines that enhance allergic reactions
and inflammatory responses.
Have large purplish-black, basophilic granules that contain histamine.
Also produce heparin - anticoagulant that removes fat from the blood
