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NURS 612 Exam 2 | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions $13.48
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NURS 612 Exam 2 | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
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NURS 612 Exam 2 | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

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NURS 612 Exam 2 | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025
Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions




Primary Function of Renal System - Maintain a stable internal environment for optimal
cell and tissue metabolism

Renal artery is very _____, blood in kidney's moves with ____ pressure, which is
necessary for filtration - short; high

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus large scale function is controlling _____ ________ - blood
pressure (by controlling renal blood flow and filtration)

Juxtaglomerular cell location - around the afferent arteriole where the afferent arteriole
enters the glomerulus

macula densa - sodium-sensing cells located between the afferent and efferent
arterioles of distal convoluted tubule;

Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa form the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) that
controls _____ _____ ____ and__________ __________ . - renal blood flow (RBF);
glomerular filtration

_____ secretion occurs at the JGA - Renin

Renal Blood Flow Throughout the Nephron - Renal artery
afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillaries
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
renal vein
inferior vena cava

The fluid filtered by the glomerular capillary filtration membrane and released into the
proximal convoluted tubule is _______ free but contains ____________ and _______
_________ in the same concentrations as found in plasma - protein; electrolytes (i.e.
sodium chloride and potassium); organic molecules (i.e. creatinine urea and glucose)

In the glomerulus, the ________ ________ determines permeability of glomerular
capillary membrane - Basement membrane

What does glomerular filtration depend on (3)? - •Size and charge of substances
•Hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
•Oncotic pressure in the capillaries

,Between BP ___ - ____ mmHg the kidneys maintain a constant GFR - 80-180

Autoregulation of renal blood flow:
Response to increased systemic BP - Afferent arterioles constrict, preventing an
increase in filtration pressure.

Autoregulation of renal blood flow:
Response to decreased systemic BP - GFR decreases and the amount of sodium in
macula densa decreases
•RAAS activated
•Vasoconstriction, increase in sodium and water reabsorption, BP returns to norm

________ is a good index of renal function, ______ is a good index for hydration -
creatinine; BUN

Creatinine is most valuable for monitoring the progress of chronic rather than acute
renal disease. -

Aging and Renal Function: (increased or decreased) excretion of glucose - increased

GU Endocrine Functions (3) - •Renin- Angiotensin -Aldosterone System or RAAS

•Erythropoietin (EPO) Hormone regulates RBC production in bone marrow; made in
kidneys- stimulated by hypoxia

•Vitamin D (hormone)- Transformed in the active form in the kidneys; Increases calcium
absorption from GI tract

Intracellular body fluid is (half/double) extracellular fluid - Double

Forces favoring filtration (2) - •Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
•Interstitial oncotic pressure (water pulling)

Forces opposing filtration - •Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure (water pulling)
•Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

First kind of cells to sense changes in osmotic pressure are ________ - Neurons-
manifest as change in mental status

What is the main characteristic of nephrotic syndrome? - Edema- caused by albumin
loss

Edema from low albumin - Caused by liver failure (cirrhosis) because albumin is
produced in the liver

, Mechanism: Not enough water gets back into the capillaries (which is responsible for
plasma oncotic pressure)

Manifestations: ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, massive edema

Treatment: Give albumin to pull fluid into blood vessel and then give them Lasix

Edema from kidney failure - Glomerulonephritis (Kidney failure, damage to basement
membranes) causes albumin loss and massive edema

Edema from capillary membrane damage - Cause: From infection (inflammation,
swelling)

Treatment: treat infection with antibiotics and sometimes steroids

Edema from lymphatic obstruction - Lymphedema

Breast cancer surgery patients have to removed lymphatics around area

possibly from tumor blocking or scar tissue from surgery

Edema from hypertension - Can occur with heart failure

Mechanism: capillary pressure is too high

Treatment: Diuretics, Pressure stockings, Treat BP

Edema from DVT - Mechanism: blood cannot flow through vessel, pressure increase,
fluid leaks out

Treat DTV (don't give Lasix)

The extracellular compartment is divided into ______ and ___________ - plasma
(vascular compartment) and interstitium

Function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptides - Decreases tubular resorption and promotes
urinary excretion of sodium

Water balance is regulated by _________ and __________ - thirst perception and the
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Both are regulated by serum osmolality & blood volume

Diabetes Insipidus (3 types) - •Deficiency of or decreased response to ADH

•Neurogenic - strokes, head injury, surgery

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