Acute glomerulonephritis - inflammation of the capillary loops of the renal glomeruli
Ascites - accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Cholecystitis - inflammatory process of the gallbladder most commonly due to
obstruction of the cystic duct from cholelithiasis, which may be either acute or chronic
Cholelithiasis - stone formation in the gallbladder occurs when cirain substances reach
a high concentration in bile and produce crystals
Cirrhosis - diffuse hepatic process characterized by fibrosis and alteration of normal
liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules
Duodenal ulcer - chronic circumscribed break in the duodenal mucosa that scars with
healing
Irritable bowel syndrome - disorder of intestinal mobility
Lipase - enzyme that acts on emulsified fats
Peristalsis - muscular contractions that move products of digestion through the
alimentary canal
Peritoneum - serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma - frequently arises in the setting of cirrhosis,
approximately 20 to 30 years after liver injury or disease onset
Pylonephritis - infection of the kidney and renal pelvis
Pyloric stenosis - hypertrophy of the circular muscle of the pylorus leads to obstruction
of the pyloric sphincter
Pylorus - distal section of the stomach
Reflux - backflow caused by relaxation or incompetence of lower esophagus
Renal abscess - localized infection within the medulla or cortex of the kidney
Renal calculi - stones formed in the pelvis of the kidney from a physiochemical process
associated with obstruction and infections in the urinary tract
, Resonance - sound obtained on percussing a part that can vibrate freely
Tympany - low-pitched, resonant, drumlike note obtained by percussing the surface of a
large, air-containing space
Volvulus - twisting of the intestine resulting in an obstruction
Right upper quadrant - Issues with liver, gall bladder, tip of right kidney, diaphragm
Epigastric region - Stomach and pancreas
Left upper quadrant - Spleen, pancreas, tip of left kidney
Umbilical region - Uterus, bowel, aorta
Right lower quadrant - Appendix, right ovary, bowel
Suprapubic region - Bladder, uterus
Left lower quadrant - Left ovary, bowel
Abdominal bruits - Swishing sound over aortic, renal, iliac, or femoral arteries. Could be
narrowing or aneurysm
Abdominal rushes - High pitched sounds. Coincides with cramping, could be
obstruction.
Borborygmi - Increased, prolonged gurgles due to gastroenteritis, hunger, or early
obstruction
Audible abdominal rubs - Grating sounds could indicate inflammation due to tumor,
infection, or splenic infarct
Venous hum - Often heard in cirrhosis
Absent bowel sounds - Could be peritonitis or paralytic ileus
Rovsing's Sign - Rebound pain in RIGHT lower quadrant when pressure placed on
LEFT lower quadrant.
Murphy's sign - Pain on deep inspiration when gallbladder is palpated.
Psoas sign - Pain in abdomen when resistant pressure placed on patient raising thigh
Blumberg sign - Also known as rebound tenderness.
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