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CBIS EXAM PREP 2 QUESTONS AND ANSWERS
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CBIS EXAM PREP 2 QUESTONS AND ANSWERS
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CBIS EXAM PREP 2 QUESTONS AND ANSWERSlost productivity - answer- one measure of the cost to society due to injury or disease;
includes the loss of wages a person would have earned if they had not become
unemployable due to disability, loss of taxes contributing to economy, costs to the
government of supporting the individual, etc.; lost productivity costs DO NOT include
cost of treatment and support post-injury or illness
acquired brain injury (ABI) - answer- An injury to the brain that is not hereditary,
congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
traumatic brain injury (TBI) - answer- an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of
brain pathology, caused by an external force
traumatic impact - answer- injuries resulting from contact (when head is struck by or
against an object)
traumatic intertial injuries - answer- injury to the brain not caused by impact but as a
result of inertial forces, such as acceleration-deceleration forces
closed injuries - answer- injury to the brain resulting in brain lacerations, contusions or
intracerebral hemorrhage
open injuries - answer- injury to the head in which there is a breach of the skull or a
breach of the meninges
penetrating brain injury - answer- any injury that involves the penetration of a foreign
object, munitions, fragment, bone chip, etc. through the dura mater
non-traumatic brain injury - answer- damage to the brain caused by internal factors,
such as oxygen or nutrient deprivation to brain cells, exposure to toxins, pressure from
a tumor or blockage, or other neurological disorder
coup-contrecoup injury - answer- Coup injury: head injury that results from impact of a
moving object--occurs at the site of impact
Contrecoup effect: impact injury resulting from the moving head striking a stationary
object--injury occurs at the side of the head opposite the point of impact
primary injury - answer- initial cause of damage to the brain, from which injury severity
ratings are obtained
secondary injury - answer- pathophysiological events that occur following the initial
primary injury to the brain
,loss of consciousness (LOC) - answer- temporary altered state, unlike sleep, when a
person is unresponsive to stimuli; usually due to trauma, stroke, or other injury
risk factors for brain injury - answer- injury severity
age at injury
alcohol misuse
domestic violence
service in the military
participation in sports
history of prior brain injury
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) - answer- a condition, diagnosed after death,
relative to multiple concussions caused by significant force. A progressive degenerative
disease, CTE is most often sustained by athletes participating in contact sports; may
also be observed in domestic violence victims or abused children who have sustained
numerous blows to the head
neurogenic bladder - answer- a secondary condition caused when a TBI affects the
cerebral structures controlling bladder storage and emptying functions
spasticity - answer- involuntary, abnormal motor patterns; may interfere with a person's
general functioning, self-care, and mobility
activities of daily living (ADLs) - answer- dressing, eating, showering, toileting, walking
experience-dependent learning - answer- as our experiences change, the brain's
morphology/structure changes; I.e. Hebbian learning, "neurons that fire together wire
together"
polytherapies - answer- the use of more than one treatment method in a combined
therapeutic approach
reactive axonal sprouting and synaptogenesis - answer- When a subset of neural
projections to a brain region is lost, remaining ones sprout and form new synaptic
connections onto the partially denervated neurons; this phenomenon supports the idea
that the adult injured brain can reorganize and repair itself.
excitotoxicity - answer- the process by which nerve cells are damaged and die due to
overexcitation; occurs when a neuron is no longer able to maintain its resting potential
as a result of impairment of the sodium-potassium pump in combination with large-scale
increases in extracellular excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate
apoptosis - answer- a naturally occurring process that involves a controlled sequence of
steps that tell a cell to terminate itself; cell death
long-term potentiation (LTP) - answer- in neuroscientific research, a long-lasting signal
that occurs between two neurons when they are stimulated simultaneously
, neurogenesis and main areas where it occurs in the adult brain - answer- the formation
of new neurons--in the adult brain, the two main areas of neurogenesis are the
subventricular zone (lines the lateral ventricles) and the dentate gyrus of the
hippocampus
structural plasticity - answer- changes in the dendrites and dendritic spines of neurons
following learning, stress, LTP, or exposure to toxins
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) - answer- a protein in the neurotrophin family
of growth factors that promotes neurogenesis
neurorehabilitation - answer- an emerging field of practice that attempts to balance the
relationship between preventing neurodegeneration and enhancing the potential for
neuroplasticity
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) - answer- a non-invasive method of stimulating
the brain using electromagnetic induction; used as a treatment modality for depression,
stroke, migraines, dystonia, tinnitus, and Parkinson's
mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) - answer- injury to the head with either brief (less than
30 minutes) or no loss of consciousness; symptoms may include vomiting, lethargy,
dizziness, and inability to recall recent events
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) - answer- a neurologic assessment scale to objectively
measure level of consciousness following head injury
post-traumatic amnesia - answer- a state of confusion immediately following traumatic
brain injury
post-traumatic immune paralysis - answer- acute period after sustaining significant
bodily trauma, when the immune response is significantly impaired; frequently
associated with the high prevalence of potentially life-threatening infections post-injury
computed tomography (CT) - answer- a cross-sectional series of X-rays used to view
body organs, allowing medical professionals to view the scans in multiple individual
layers; some scans can be reconstructed into a 3D image
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - answer- a technique that uses a magnetic field
and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) - answer- an MRI method that maps the diffusion of
molecules, primarily water, in a person's body non-invasively
acceleration-deceleration forces - answer- sudden impact following a high velocity of
speed, frequently resulting in brain injury
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