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HMX Immunology – Questions & Solutions (Rated A+)
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HMX Immunology – Questions & Solutions (Rated A+)
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HMX Immunology – Questions & Solutions (Rated A+)Which cells are tissue resident sentinel cells Right Ans - mast cell,
macrophage, dendritic cell
Which 2 cells are circulating blood cells that will enter tissue in response to
inflammation? Right Ans - Neutrophils, Monocytes
Mast cell Right Ans - Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that
promote inflammation.
Neutrophil Right Ans - Most abundant leukocyte, increase due to bacterial
infection, burns, and stress. Phagocyte that rapidly dies after ingesting
microbe.
Macrophages Right Ans - Phagocyte that cleans up apoptotic cells.
When a monocyte moves into the tissues, it changes rapidly and becomes a
_____________ Right Ans - macrophage
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a genetic defect that leads to
recurrent infections in the tissue and severe problems with wound healing.
LAD patients also develop severe gingivitis (infections and inflammation of
the gums). In LAD, leukocyte migration into tissues is severely impaired. All of
these problems can be traced back to a genetic defect. Of the genetic defects
listed below, which is the most likely cause of LAD? Right Ans - A mutation
that introduces a stop codon into a gene that encodes part of the LFA-1
molecule (leading to a truncated protein).
Toll-like receptors for bacterial PAMPs are found on/in the_________________
Right Ans - cell membrane
There are a few different proteins that act as inhibitors of NF-kB. There is a
very rare genetic disease in which one of these proteins, IkBa, is mutated. The
mutation substantially alters the stability of the IkBa protein. In patients with
this disease, IkBa protein expression does not change in response to stimuli
that cause IkBa degradation in healthy individuals. Consider the biological
, role of NF-kB inhibitors. What are the most likely symptoms of this genetic
defect? Right Ans - Immunodeficiency with a susceptibility to bacterial
infections.
The complement pathway initiated by host proteins that bind to microbial
sugars is called the ______________________ pathway. Right Ans - lectin pathway
SSRNA (single-stranded RNA) and dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) are present
in mammalian cells. Why don't our plasmacytoid dendritic cells activate an
innate immune response against these self nucleic acids that are necessary for
normal cellular function? Right Ans - The TLRs that recognize SSRNA and
dsDNA are sequestered in endosomes.
How can the antiviral state be propagated in the absence of immune cells?
Right Ans - Type I IFs are produced by infected epithelial cells; this induces
antiviral biochemical changes in the same cell and adjacent cells.
A child presents with recurrent bacterial infections. Of the genetic defects
described below, what is the most likely cause of her disease? Right Ans - A
mutation in the C3 gene that renders the C3 protein nonfunctional.
It is the process by which something that is not otherwise recognized as a
pathogen is coated with proteins that make it more recognizable to the
immune system Right Ans - Opsonization
The majority of the symptoms of tetanus infection are caused by the tetanus
toxins, chiefly tetanospasmin. Tetanospasmin is one of the deadliest toxins
known; even very small doses (nanograms) can be lethal. It targets the nerves,
causing severe muscle spasms. The tetanus vaccine consists of inactivated
tetanus toxin; the vaccine is highly effective for preventing tetanus.
Inoculation with the tetanus vaccine leads to the production of protective
antibodies. How do these antibodies prevent tetanus? Right Ans -
Neutralization
Streptococcus pneumonia is an extracellular bacterium that is a leading cause
of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis, particularly in children and the
elderly. Fortunately, most cases of S. pneumonia can be prevented with a
vaccine that contains components of the bacterial capsule. The vaccine is
known to lead to the production of antibodies that recognize intact bacteria.
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