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HMX Immunology – ALL: Questions & Accurate Answers
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HMX Immunology – ALL: Questions & Accurate Answers
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HMX Immunology – ALL: Questions & AccurateAnswers
ABO blood groups Right Ans - carbohydrate antigens on the surface of
blood cells determine blood type
primary lymphoid organs Right Ans - bone marrow and thymus
circulating leukocytes Right Ans - mature immune cells that circulate
through blood vessels
innate immunity Right Ans - mechanisms that exist prior to infection and
are capable of rapid responses to microbes
adaptive immunity Right Ans - a more complex defense system against
infection that requires some time to develop after initial exposure to the
microbe; is specific and specialized and has memory; mediated by
lymphocytes with highly diverse antigen receptors
lymphocytes Right Ans - a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to
fight off infections
PD-L1 Right Ans - A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as DCs,
and non-immune cells, including many cancer cells. Blocking this protein
prevents its interaction with PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus relieving a
negative regulator of T cell function
Checkpoint blockade Right Ans - the reactivation of existing T cells that are
nonfunctional due to inhibitory signaling; accomplished by blocking inhibitory
receptors, which rejuvenates exhausted T cells (mainly CTLA-4 in lymph
nodes and PD-1 in tissue)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell Right Ans - are created by
introducing into T cells a DNA sequence that contains the recognition portion
of an antibody fused to signaling components of the T cell receptor; have been
used to treat some types of cancer
,Cross matching Right Ans - method of matching a donor's blood to the
recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
HLA (human leukocyte antigen) Right Ans - these proteins are the most
important determinants of an allogenic immune response
HLA matching Right Ans - used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection
Natural antibodies Right Ans - Antibodies produced by the immune system
in the apparent absence of any infection. They have a broad specificity for self
and microbial antigens, can react with many pathogens, and can activate
complement.
Immunosuppressive drugs Right Ans - Chemical agents that cause the
human body not to produce antibodies that normally fight off foreign material
in the body. The production of these antibodies needs to be suppressed in
order to permit the acceptance of a donor organ by the recipient's body (block
T cell activation or kill lymphocytes)
Neoantigen discovery Right Ans - involves searching for antigens that
uniquely occur in a tumor (due to mutations that are part of the tumorigenic
process) and are capable of binding to host MHC; activates T cells to recognize
that peptide, thus destroying cancer cells
Passive immunotherapy Right Ans - Individual acquires immunity through
the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal; expensive
and low throughput
Polymorphic proteins Right Ans - proteins encoded by genes with more
than one variant (allele) for that gene; can be abnormally expressed
Transplantation Right Ans - The grafting of living tissue from its normal
position to another site, or of an organ or tissue from one person to another.
Transplant rejection Right Ans - Recognition by the immune system of a
transplanted tissue as foreign and subsequent attack on the tissue; initiated
by T lymphocytes
Transfusion Right Ans - transferring blood from one person to another
, Transfusion reaction Right Ans - reaction of the body to a transfusion of
blood that is not compatible with its own blood via complement activation
and opsonization
Vectored immunoprophylaxis Right Ans - the introduction of DNA
encoding an antibody into individuals; creates antibodies that could be
protective against a microbe; inexpensive
Lupus Right Ans - autoimmune disease in which antibodies form immune
complexes that impair organ function
Myasthenia gravis Right Ans - autoimmune disease in which antibodies
block the normal function of a host protein
Psoriasis Right Ans - autoimmune disorder that is mediated by effector T
cells that cause inflammation in the skin; the most common autoimmune
disease
Type 1 diabetes Right Ans - autoimmune disease caused by T cells that
attack pancreatic cells
How do T cells contribute to autoimmune diseases? Right Ans - by
recognizing self antigens, migrating into organs and tissues, and causing
inflammation
Allergy Right Ans - most common immune disease; involve IgE, mast cells,
and eosinophils; can cause hives, congestion, abdominal issues, and
anaphylaxis
Allergy vs. Autoimmunity Right Ans - Allergy is a response to
environmental antigens, autoimmunity is a response to self antigens
Degranulation Right Ans - the release of the contents of mast cell granules
in allergic reactions
Histamine Right Ans - Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation
and increased permeability of capillaries
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