N 615: ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING:
INTRODUCTION TO ROLES AND ISSUES
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
Virginia Henderson - ANSWER Often called "the Nightingale of Modern Nursing," Henderson was a noted
nursing educator and author. Her "Need Theory" was based in practice and her education. She
emphasized the importance of increasing a client's independence to promote their continued healing
progress after hospitalization. Her definition of nursing was one of the first to mark the difference
between nursing and medicine. "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well,
in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he
would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. And to do this in such a way
as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. She must in a sense, get inside the skin of each
of her patients in order to know what he needs.
Martha Rogers: - ANSWER Rogers' theory is known as that of the Unitary Human Beings. Nursing seeks
to promote symphonic interaction between the environment and the person, to strengthen the
coherence and integrity of the human beings, and to direct and redirect patterns of interaction between
the person and the environment for the realization of maximum health potential. Her development of
this abstract system was strongly influenced by an early grounding in arts and background of science
along with her keen interest in space.
Dorothea E. Orem - ANSWER Known as the Self-Care Theory, Orem's vision of health is a state
characterized by wholeness of developed human structures and of bodily and mental functioning. It
includes physical, psychological, interpersonal and social aspects. Her major assumptions included that
people should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care and the care of others in their family.
She said that a person's knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self-care
behaviors. Orem defined nursing as an art, a helping service and a technology.
Betty Neuman: - ANSWER The System Model, developed by Neuman, focuses on the response of the
client system to actual or potential environmental stressors and the use of several levels of nursing
prevention intervention for attaining, retaining and maintaining optimal client system wellness. Neuman
defines the concern of nursing is preventing stress invasion. If stress is not prevented then the nurse
should protect the client's basic structure and obtain or maintain a maximum level of wellness. Nurses
provide care through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention modes.
Hildegard Peplau: - ANSWER Four phases define Peplau's Interpersonal Theory or nursing. She defines
the nurse/patient relationship evolving through orientation, identification, exploitation and resolution.
, She views nursing as a maturing force that is realized as the personality develops through educational,
therapeutic, and interpersonal processes. Nurses enter into a personal relationship with an individual
when a felt need is present. Peplau's model is still very popular with clinicians working with individuals
who have psychological problems.
Madeleine Leininger: - ANSWER One of the newer nursing theories, Transcultural Nursing first appeared
in 1978. According to Leininger, the goal of nursing is to provide care congruent with cultural values,
beliefs, and practices. Leininger states that care is the essence of nursing and the dominant, distinctive
and unifying feature. She says there can be no cure without caring, but that there may be caring with
curing. Health care personnel should work towards an understanding of care and the values, health
beliefs, and life-styles of different cultures, which will form the basis for providing culture-specific care.
Patricia Benner: - ANSWER From Novice to Expert is probably the simplest nursing theory to understand.
Benner describes five levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient and
expert. The levels reflect a movement from reliance on abstract principles to the use of past concrete
experience. She proposes that a nurse could gain knowledge and skills without ever learning the theory.
Each step builds on the previous one as the learner gains clinical expertise. Simply put, Benner says
experience is a prerequisite for becoming an expert. Benner published her "Novice to Expert Theory"
in 1982.
What are the characteristics of effective leadership? - ANSWER An effective leader has a distinctive set of
personal qualities: integrity, courage, initiative and an ability to handle stress. This individual is often
admired in their efforts to think critically, set goals and skillfully communicate and collaborate.
What are the characteristics of effective management? - ANSWER Leadership
This is one crucial attribute that so many managers actually lack these days. Most companies will
promote those employees that have great individual results. The problem is that a really good
salesperson will rarely be a really good manager. The true leader will always be able to inspire trust,
delegate responsibility and provide direction. We cannot have a leader without the manager being able
to perfectly perform these three tasks.
While leadership skills can be gained in time, the natively talented manager will actually be able to gain
all that he needs to be a true leader in a short period of time. That is something that is a lot more
important than what many believe at the moment. Every single successful business manager out there is
a leader that takes the team he manages and makes it work better, faster and more effectively.
Communication
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