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PSYC 1504 Introduction to Psychology Terms
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PSYC 1504 Introduction to Psychology TermsArchival Research - ANSWER method of research using past records or data sets
to answer various research
questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
Attrition - ANSWER reduction in the number of research participants as some drop
out of the study over time
cause-and-effect relationship - ANSWER changes in one variable cause the
changes in the other variable; can be
determined only through an experimental research design
clinical or case study - ANSWER observational research study focusing on one or a
few people
confirmation bias - ANSWER tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or
beliefs
confounding variable - ANSWER unanticipated outside factor that affects both
variables of interest, often giving the
false impression that changes in one variable cause changes in the other variable,
when, in actuality, the
outside factor causes changes in both variables
Control Group - ANSWER serves as a basis for comparison and controls for
chance factors that might influence the
results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the
experimental
manipulation is the only difference between groups
Correlation - ANSWER relationship between two or more variables; when two
,variables are correlated, one variable
changes as the other does
correlation coefficient - ANSWER number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength
and direction of the relationship
between variables, and usually represented by r
cross-sectional research - ANSWER compares multiple segments of a population at
a single time
debriefing - ANSWER when an experiment involved deception, participants are
told complete and truthful
information about the experiment at its conclusion
Deception - ANSWER purposely misleading experiment participants in order to
maintain the integrity of the
experiment
Deductive reasoning - ANSWER results are predicted based on a general premise
Dependent variable - ANSWER variable that the researcher measures to see how
much effect the independent
variable had
Double blind study - ANSWER experiment in which both the researchers and the
participants are blind to group
assignments
empirical - ANSWER grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be
observed time and time again, regardless
of who is observing
experimental group - ANSWER group designed to answer the research question;
experimental manipulation is the
only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences
,between the two are due
to experimental manipulation rather than chance
experimenter bias - ANSWER researcher expectations skew the results of the study
fact - ANSWER objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence
collected through empirical research
Falsifiable - ANSWER able to be disproven by experimental results
generalize - ANSWER inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger
population
hypothesis - ANSWER (plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about
the relationship between two or
more variables
illusory correlation - ANSWER seeing relationships between two things when in
reality no such relationship exists
independent variable - ANSWER variable that is influenced or controlled by the
experimenter; in a sound
experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference
between the experimental
and control group
inductive reasoning - ANSWER conclusions are drawn from observations
informed consent - ANSWER process of informing a research participant about
what to expect during an
experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then
obtaining the person's
consent to participate
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) - ANSWER committee of
administrators, scientists,
, veterinarians, and community members that review proposals for research
involving human
participants
Institutional Review Board (IRB) - ANSWER committee of administrators,
scientists, and community members that
reviews proposals for research involving human participants
Inter-rater reliability - ANSWER measure of agreement among observers on how
they record and classify a
particular event
longitudinal research - ANSWER studies in which the same group of individuals is
surveyed or measured
repeatedly over an extended period
naturalistic observation - ANSWER observation of behavior in its natural setting
negative correlation - ANSWER two variables change in different directions, with
one becoming larger as the other
becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation
observer bias - ANSWER when observations may be skewed to align with observer
expectations
operational definition - ANSWER description of what actions and operations will
be used to measure the dependent
variables and manipulate the independent variables
opinion - ANSWER personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may
not be accurate
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