Test bank For "Life-span Development"
by John W. Santrock (chapters 1-8)19th
Edition by John Santrock
Development - ANSThe pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the
life span. Involves growth, although it also includes decline brought on by aging and dying.
Culture - ANSThe behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed
on from generation to generation.
Gender - ANSThe characteristics of people as males or females.
Biological processes - ANSChanges in an individual's physical nature.
Cognitive processes - ANSChanges in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
Socioemotional processes - ANSChanges in an individual's relationships with other people,
emotions, and personality.
Nature-nurture issue - ANSDebate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature
or nurture. Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental
experiences.
Psychoanalytic theories - ANSTheories that describe development as primarily unconscious and
heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic
workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with
parents are emphasized.
Erikson's theory - ANSA theory made up of eight stages of human development. Each stage
consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be
resolved.
Erikson's theory's first stage - ANSTrust versus mistrust - infancy (first year).
Erikson's theory's second stage - ANSAutonomy versus shame and doubt - infancy (1 to 3
years).
Erikson's theory's third stage - ANSInitiative versus guilt - early childhood (preschool years, 3 to
5 years).
,Erikson's theory's fourth stage - ANSIndustry versus inferiority - middle and late childhood
(elementary school years, 6 years to puberty).
Erikson's theory's fifth stage - ANSIdentity versus identity confusion - (10 to 20 years).
Erikson's theory's sixth stage - ANSIntimacy versus isolation - early adulthood (20s, 30s).
Erikson's theory's eighth stage - ANSIntegrity versus despair - late adulthood (60s onward).
Piaget's theory - ANSTheory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the
world and go through four stages of cognitive development.
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory Stages (4). - ANS1. The Sensorimotor stage
2. The preoperational stage
3. The concrete operational stage
4. The formal operational stage
Vygotsky's theory - ANSA sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social
interaction guide cognitive development.
Information-processing theory - ANSEmphasizes that individuals manipulate information,
monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and
thinking.
Social cognitive theory - ANSThe view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment,
and cognition as the key factors in development.
Ethology - ANSStresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and
is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory - ANSAn environmental systems theory that focuses on five
environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and
chronosystem.
Eclectic theoretical orientation - ANSAn orientation that does not follw any one theoretical
approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it.
Cross-sectional approach - ANSA research strategy in which individuals of different ages are
compared at one time.
, Longitudinal approach - ANSA research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over
a period of time, usually several years or more.
Chromosomes - ANSThreadlike structurs that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair
coming from each parent. They contain the genetic substance DNA.
Meiosis - ANSA specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (also
known as gametes).
Fertilization - ANSA stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell,
called a zygote.
Zygote - ANSA single cell formed through fertilization.
Down syndrome - ANSA chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation caused by the
presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) - ANSA genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly
metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine. It's now easily detected but, if left untreated,
results in mental retardation and hyperactivity.
Sickle-cell anemia - ANSA gentic disorder that affects the red blood cells and occurs most often
in people of African descent.
Behavior genetics - ANSThe field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and
environment on individual differences in human traits and development.
Twin study - ANSA study in which the behavioural similarity of identical twins is compared with
the behavioural similarity of fraternal twins.
Adoption study - ANSA study in which investigators seek to discover whether, in behavior and
psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents, who
provided a home environment, or more like their biological parents, who contributed their
heredity. Can also compare adoptive and biological siblings.
Passive genotype-environment correlations - ANSCorrelations that exist when the natural
parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
Evocative genotype-environment correlations - ANSCorrelations that exist when the child's
genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environment.
Active (nice-picking) genotype-environment correlations - ANSCorrelations that exist when
children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.
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