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Algemene & revalidatie psychologie: complete samenvatting
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Dit is een complete samenvatting van algemene en revaliderende psychologie. Dit is een jaarvak in het eerste jaar aan Thomas More.
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2Inhoudsopgave
1 Wat is psychologie?............................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Leerdoelen..................................................................................................................................................................................7
1.2 Definitie psychologie..................................................................................................................................................................7
1.2.1 Kenmerken van gedrag (4)..................................................................................................................................................7
1.3 Psychologie en mensenkennis....................................................................................................................................................8
1.4 Onderzoeksmethoden in de psychologie....................................................................................................................................9
1.5 Psychologie en andere wetenschappen.....................................................................................................................................9
2 Stromingen in de psychologie.............................................................................................................................................. 10
2.1 Overzicht van de stromingen in de psychologie.......................................................................................................................10
2.2 Samenvatting: stromingen.......................................................................................................................................................10
2.3 Therapieën voor psychische stoornissen..................................................................................................................................21
2.3.1 Doelstellingen therapeutische relatie...............................................................................................................................21
2.3.2 Evaluatie van therapieën..................................................................................................................................................21
2.4 Ergotherapie en de verschillende stromingen..........................................................................................................................21
2.4.1 Ergotherapeut algemeen..................................................................................................................................................21
2.4.2 Oefening stromingen........................................................................................................................................................22
3 Motivatie, gedragsverandering en therapietrouw in de revalidatie.......................................................................................23
3.1 Inleiding motivatie...................................................................................................................................................................23
3.2 Motivatie voor verandering.....................................................................................................................................................23
3.3 5 factoren die de motivatie kunnen veranderen......................................................................................................................23
3.3.1 Locus of control = mindset (1)..........................................................................................................................................23
3.3.2 Inschatting van zelfeffectiviteit (self-efficacy) = kunnen (2).............................................................................................23
3.3.3 De zelfwaardering (self-esteem) = willen (3)....................................................................................................................24
3.3.4 Sociale steun (4)................................................................................................................................................................24
3.3.5 Ziektewinst = voordelen (5)..............................................................................................................................................24
3.3.6 Andere factoren................................................................................................................................................................24
3.4 Hoe kunnen we motivatie meten?...........................................................................................................................................24
3.4.1 ASE determinantenmodel.................................................................................................................................................24
3.4.2 Model voor gedragsverandering & gedragsbehoud.........................................................................................................25
3.5 Modellen voor gedragsverandering.........................................................................................................................................25
3.5.1 Zelfdeterminatietheorie van Ryan en Deci.......................................................................................................................25
3.5.2 Transtheoretisch model van Prochaska & diclementi......................................................................................................27
3.5.2.1 Precontemplatie.......................................................................................................................................................27
3.5.2.2 Contemplatie............................................................................................................................................................28
3.5.2.3 Preparatie.................................................................................................................................................................28
3.5.2.4 Actie..........................................................................................................................................................................28
3.5.2.5 Behoud......................................................................................................................................................................28
3.6 Therapietrouw..........................................................................................................................................................................29
3.7 Tips om therapietrouw bij cliënten te verhogen......................................................................................................................29
3.7.1 Verstrekken van duidelijke informatie..............................................................................................................................29
3.7.2 Gezondheidsgerelateerde attitudes modificeren.............................................................................................................29
3.7.3 Hulpverlener-revalidantrelatie verbeteren.......................................................................................................................30
3.7.4 Consistente aanpak van alle hulpverleners......................................................................................................................30
3.7.5 Contract maken tussen revalidant & hulpverlener..........................................................................................................30
3.7.6 Monitoring: bijhouden van oefendagboek.......................................................................................................................30
3.7.7 Rol van sociale steun........................................................................................................................................................30
3.7.8 Positieve feedback............................................................................................................................................................30
3.7.9 Stellen van duidelijke doelen (doelbepaling in revalidatiesetting)...................................................................................30
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4 Leren.................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
4.1 Verschillende leertheorieën of leerprincipes............................................................................................................................31
4.1.1 Habituatie of gewenning..................................................................................................................................................31
4.1.2 Klassieke conditionering – Pavlov & Watson....................................................................................................................31
4.1.3 Operante conditionering – Thorndike & Skinner.............................................................................................................32
4.1.4 Sociale leertheorie: model-leren of observatieleren - Bandura.......................................................................................32
4.1.5 Cognitieve processen .......................................................................................................................................................32
4.2 Tien fundamentele leerprincipes..............................................................................................................................................33
4.2.1 Stelling 1: feedback & bekrachtiging................................................................................................................................33
4.2.2 Stelling 2: integratie & samenhangende informatie.........................................................................................................33
4.2.3 Stelling 3: activiteit...........................................................................................................................................................33
4.2.4 Stelling 4: sociale interactie..............................................................................................................................................33
4.2.5 Stelling 5: de context........................................................................................................................................................33
4.2.6 Stelling 6: de organisatie van anderszins geïsoleerde stukken informatie.......................................................................34
4.2.7 Stelling 7: de gepercipieerde relevantie...........................................................................................................................34
4.2.8 Stelling 8: de praktische & gevarieerde toepassingen......................................................................................................34
4.2.9 Stelling 9: ALS de geheugencapaciteit niet overbelast wordt..........................................................................................34
4.2.10 Stelling 10: OP voorwaarde dat de aangeboden instructie overeenstemt met de leerstijl & leersnelheid van de
leerling.......................................................................................................................................................................................34
4.3 Neurologische voorwaarden van leren....................................................................................................................................34
4.3.1 Aandacht (4).....................................................................................................................................................................34
4.3.2 Snelheid van informatieverwerking..................................................................................................................................35
4.3.3 Impliciet & expliciet leren.................................................................................................................................................35
5 Leren in de revalidatie......................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.1 Inleiding: Leren in de revalidatie..............................................................................................................................................35
5.1.1 Revalideren is een leerproces...........................................................................................................................................35
5.1.2 Generaliseren....................................................................................................................................................................36
5.1.3 Afleren..............................................................................................................................................................................36
5.2 Mentale training in de revalidatie............................................................................................................................................36
5.2.1 Verschillende vormen van mentale training.....................................................................................................................36
5.2.2 Mentale chronometrie.....................................................................................................................................................37
5.2.3 Wat kan geleerd of getraind worden door mentale voorstelling?...................................................................................37
5.2.4 Bezit iedereen de mogelijkheid tot mentale training?.....................................................................................................37
5.2.5 Effecten van mentale training bij patiënten populaties...................................................................................................37
5.2.6 Welke factoren zijn bepalend voor mentale training?.....................................................................................................38
5.2.6.1 Bekwaamheid om een motorische voorstelling te maken.......................................................................................38
5.2.6.2 Bekendheid met de voor te stellen taak...................................................................................................................38
5.2.6.3 Intact werkgeheugen................................................................................................................................................38
5.2.6.4 Motivatie...................................................................................................................................................................38
5.3 Observeren & imiteren van handelingen uitgevoerd door anderen........................................................................................38
5.4 Spiegeltherapie........................................................................................................................................................................38
5.4.1 Spiegeltherapie bij fantoompijn.......................................................................................................................................38
5.4.2 Spiegeltherapie bij patiënten met hemiparese................................................................................................................38
5.4.3 Spiegeltherapie bij patiënten met een complex regionaal pijnsyndroom type I.............................................................38
5.5 Cognitieve & gedragsgerichte interventie in de revalidatie.....................................................................................................38
5.5.1 Gedragstherapeutische principes.....................................................................................................................................38
5.5.1.1 Systematische desensitisastie...................................................................................................................................38
5.5.1.2 Aversietherapie en extinctie.....................................................................................................................................38
5.5.1.3 Token economy (activiteitenkaart)...........................................................................................................................39
5.5.1.4 Spierontspanning......................................................................................................................................................39
5.5.1.5 Forward chaining......................................................................................................................................................39
5.5.1.6 Backward chaining....................................................................................................................................................39
5.5.1.7 Shaping.....................................................................................................................................................................40
5.5.1.8 Latent leren...............................................................................................................................................................40
5.5.1.9 Inzichtelijk leren........................................................................................................................................................40
5.5.1.10 Competentie ontwikkelen.......................................................................................................................................41
5.5.1.11 Leerstijlen................................................................................................................................................................41
5.5.1.12 Monitoren van gedrag............................................................................................................................................41
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5.5.1.13 Aangeleerde inactiviteit of learned not use...........................................................................................................41
5.5.2 Cognitieve gedragstherapeutische principes...................................................................................................................41
5.5.2.1 Evaluatie van mensen met chronische pijn..............................................................................................................42
5.5.2.2 Cognitief gedragstherapeutische interventies bij mensen met chronische lage rugpijn.........................................42
5.6 Oefeningen leren en motivatie.................................................................................................................................................44
5.6.1 Casus Maria......................................................................................................................................................................44
5.6.2 Casus Greet.......................................................................................................................................................................44
5.6.3 Casus Jos...........................................................................................................................................................................44
5.6.4 Casus Robert.....................................................................................................................................................................44
5.6.5 Casus Elza..........................................................................................................................................................................44
5.6.6 Casus George....................................................................................................................................................................44
5.6.7 Casus Paul.........................................................................................................................................................................44
5.6.8 Casus Jeanine....................................................................................................................................................................44
5.6.9 Casus Sandra.....................................................................................................................................................................44
5.6.10 Casus Irma......................................................................................................................................................................44
6 Verwerken van een verlieservaring...................................................................................................................................... 46
6.1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................................................................46
6.2 Revalidatiepsychologische patiëntenzorg: de locomotief voor en de locomotief achter.........................................................46
6.3 Emoties en gevoelens...............................................................................................................................................................47
6.3.1 Machteloosheid en hulpeloosheid...................................................................................................................................47
6.3.2 Boosheid en verdriet........................................................................................................................................................47
6.3.3 Onbegrip, twijfel en onzekerheid.....................................................................................................................................47
6.3.4 Wantrouwen, neerslachtigheid, isolement en eenzaamheid...........................................................................................47
6.3.5 Stress, zenuwachtigheid, rusteloosheid, angst en frustratie............................................................................................47
6.3.6 Ontkenning, droefheid, schaamte en onzekerheid..........................................................................................................48
6.3.7 Afhankelijkheid.................................................................................................................................................................48
6.3.8 Relatie-omkering...............................................................................................................................................................48
6.3.9 Zelfbeeld en eigenwaarde................................................................................................................................................48
6.4 Verwerking van verlies: rouwproces........................................................................................................................................48
6.5 Vier taken bij de verwerking van verlies..................................................................................................................................48
6.6 Resultaat van het verwerkingsproces: van negatieve naar positievere emoties en gevoelens...............................................51
6.6.1 Acceptatie en aanvaarding...............................................................................................................................................51
6.6.2 Begrip en inzicht...............................................................................................................................................................51
6.6.3 Ontspanning, opgewektheid, rust en kalmte...................................................................................................................51
6.6.4 Zelfvertrouwen.................................................................................................................................................................51
6.6.5 Opluchting, strijdlust en assertiviteit................................................................................................................................51
6.6.6 Kracht en overwinning......................................................................................................................................................51
6.6.7 Zekerheid, zelfrespect en verrijking..................................................................................................................................51
6.7 Aangeboren beperking.............................................................................................................................................................51
6.8 Verworven beperking...............................................................................................................................................................52
6.9 Beperking heeft een invloed op lichaamsbeleving, zelf en sociaal contact..............................................................................52
6.10 Verwerken van een terminale fase Elisabeth Kübler Ross......................................................................................................52
6.11 Herstellen na hersenletsel......................................................................................................................................................54
6.12 Hoe zou herstel kunnen werken?...........................................................................................................................................55
6.13 Voorspellers van herstel.........................................................................................................................................................55
7 Invloed van stress en copingsvaardigheden......................................................................................................................... 55
7.1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................................................................55
7.2 De betekenis van acute stress..................................................................................................................................................56
7.3 De aard van stress: uitlokkende factoren (fysisch, psychisch, omgeving & sociaal)................................................................56
7.4 Stresstheorie van Seyle Hans...................................................................................................................................................57
7.5 De fysiologische gevolgen van acute stress.............................................................................................................................57
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7.6 De psychologische gevolgen van stress....................................................................................................................................57
7.7 De gevolgen van chronische stress..........................................................................................................................................58
7.8 Factoren die de gevolgen van stress kunnen beïnvloeden.......................................................................................................58
7.9 Toepassingen in de praktijk van de revalidatie........................................................................................................................58
7.9.1 Oefening mijnheer Ypermans...........................................................................................................................................58
7.9.2 Hoeveel en welke informatie verstrekken we aan een revalidant...................................................................................58
7.9.3 Invloed van stress op de prestatie....................................................................................................................................59
7.9.4 Invloed van stress op het leerproces................................................................................................................................59
7.9.5 Sociale steun.....................................................................................................................................................................59
8 Stressmanagementstrategieën en coping............................................................................................................................ 59
8.1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................................................................59
8.2 Theoretische opvattingen over coping.....................................................................................................................................59
8.2.1 Via een reductionistisch naar een transactioneel copingmodel......................................................................................59
8.2.2 Coping als een contextueel proces...................................................................................................................................60
8.3 Vormen van coping..................................................................................................................................................................60
8.3.1 Humor, spirituele coping en proactieve coping................................................................................................................61
8.4 Stress als bron van persoonlijke groei......................................................................................................................................61
8.5 Trainen van effectieve coping...................................................................................................................................................61
8.6 Algemene stressmanagement-strategieën..............................................................................................................................61
8.7 Interpretatie van de casus Marie Rose Morel..........................................................................................................................61
9 Pijn..................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
9.1 Pijnbeleving..............................................................................................................................................................................62
9.1.1 Typen pijn.........................................................................................................................................................................62
9.1.2 De prevalentie van pijn.....................................................................................................................................................62
9.1.3 Leven met pijn..................................................................................................................................................................62
9.1.4 Casus Jansen.....................................................................................................................................................................62
9.2 Biologische modellen voor pijn................................................................................................................................................63
9.2.1 Pijn in afwezigheid van pijnreceptoren............................................................................................................................63
9.2.2 Pijnreceptoren die geen pijn registreren..........................................................................................................................63
9.2.3 Psychologische invloeden op pijn.....................................................................................................................................63
9.3 Een psycho-biologische theorie over pijn.................................................................................................................................64
9.4 Toekomstige inzichten in pijn- de neuromatrix........................................................................................................................64
10 Levenskwaliteit................................................................................................................................................................. 65
10.1 Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................................................65
10.2 Naar een definitie van gezondheidsgerelateerde levenskwaliteit.........................................................................................65
10.3 Psychologische aspecten van levenskwaliteit........................................................................................................................65
10.3.1 Klooftheorie....................................................................................................................................................................65
10.3.2 Disability paradox and response shift.............................................................................................................................66
10.3.3 Belang van subjectieve beoordeling bij inschatting van de levenskwaliteit...................................................................68
10.4 Determinanten van levenskwaliteit.......................................................................................................................................68
10.5 Het meten van de levenskwaliteit..........................................................................................................................................68
10.5.1 Wie kan iemands levenskwaliteit vaststellen?...............................................................................................................68
10.5.2 Levenskwaliteit is anders dan gezondheidstoestand.....................................................................................................68
10.6 Levenskwaliteit van de manetlzorger....................................................................................................................................68
10.7 Levenskwaliteit van de revalidant..........................................................................................................................................69
11 Positieve psychologie........................................................................................................................................................ 69
11.1 Wat is positieve psychologie..................................................................................................................................................69
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