BBH 101 Final Exam Already Graded A
### Health Models
1. Biomedical Model: - Concept that illness always has a biological cause. It focuses primarily on biological factors and
excludes psychological and social influences.
2. Problems with the Biomedical Model: - Fails to account for: - Beha...
BBH 101 Final Exam Already Graded A
### Health Models
1. Biomedical Model:
- Concept that illness always has a biological cause. It focuses primarily on biological factors and
excludes psychological and social influences.
2. Problems with the Biomedical Model:
- Fails to account for:
- Behavior: Individual lifestyle choices.
- Culture: The impact of cultural background on health.
- Community: Social context and support systems.
- Age, Race, Gender: Demographic factors that may influence health disparities.
- Genetics: Hereditary factors that may predispose individuals to certain conditions.
3. Biobehavioral Model:
- Recognizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces in determining an
individual's health and susceptibility to disease.
### Scientific Concepts
1. Hypothesis:
- A proposed explanation based on limited evidence, serving as a starting point for investigation.
2. Theory:
- A well-substantiated explanation derived from extensive research and testing, although not
considered an absolute truth.
3. P-value:
- A statistical measure indicating the probability of obtaining results if there is no relationship between
the variables studied.
- A p-value < 0.05 (5%) is typically considered significant.
,4. Specific p-values:
- P-value of 0.03: Indicates a 3% chance that the observed results are due to random chance.
### Epidemiological Terms
1. Prevalence:
- The frequency of a particular condition or characteristic in a population at a given time.
2. Incidence:
- The number of new cases of a disease that occur in a specific time period within a defined
population.
### Study Types
1. Case Study:
- A detailed analysis of a single patient, offering low explanatory capabilities due to lack of
generalizability.
2. Cross-Sectional Study:
- Observes a population at a single point in time, lacking follow-up. It is useful for describing a
population but has low explanatory capabilities. Shows prevalence and correlation.
3. Case-Control Study:
- Compares individuals with a disease (outcome) to those without it, assessing past exposure to
potential risk factors. It offers low explanatory capabilities.
4. Odds Ratio:
- A measure indicating how much more likely individuals with a certain exposure are to experience the
outcome compared to those without the exposure.
5. Cohort Study:
, - Follows groups with and without a specific exposure over time to determine the incidence of health
outcomes. It has high explanatory capabilities.
- Provides relative risk, indicating how much higher the risk is in the exposed group compared to the
unexposed group.
### Variables
1. Independent Variable (IV):
- The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.
2. Dependent Variable (DV):
- The variable that responds to changes in the independent variable.
### Clinical Trial Phases
1. Phase 1:
- Tests the safety of a drug in a small group of participants.
2. Phase 2:
- Assesses the effectiveness of the drug in a larger group while continuing safety evaluations.
3. Phase 3:
- Compares the drug's effectiveness against a standard treatment in a large population.
4. Phase 4:
- Gathers additional information about the drug's effect after it has received FDA approval.
### Research Types
1. Empirical Study:
- Involves original research where the investigator conducts all parts of the study and reports methods
and results.
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