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SPCE 630 FINAL EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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SPCE 630 FINAL EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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SPCE 630 FINAL EXAM PREPvisual analysis of graphed data - answer- is the cornerstone of and most frequently
used data analysis method in SCD research, particularly for determining whether a
study demonstrates experimental control.
involves systematic procedures used to evaluate specific characteristics of data
patterns and evaluate the presence of a functional relation.
advantages of visual analysis - answer- -can be used to evaluate data of individuals or
small groups depending on the unit of analysis specified in the research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and analyzed frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly related to the
original research question or program objective.
-graphic presentation of data permits independent analysis and interpretation of results
formative visual analysis - answer- conducted within and across conditions to identify
behavior change during the course of a study.
behavior change - answer- occurs when data patterns in one condition are different
from data patterns in the subsequent, adjacent condition for the same variable(s).
overlap - answer- refers to values of data in one condition that are in the same range of
values of data in the subsequent, adjacent condition.
consistency - answer- refers to the extent to which data patterns in one condition are
similar to data patterns in other conditions. confident determination that a functional
relation exists requires consistency in data patterns between iterations of the same
condition and inconsistency in data patterns between different, adjacent conditions.
potential demonstrations of effect - answer- a functional relation can be identified when
a) there is a sufficient number of this (three opportunities to demonstrate behavior
change contingent on condition change) and b) visual analysis suggests that consistent
changes in data occur for all potential demonstrations
the presence of a functional relation can be confirmed when - answer- a) there is a
successful attempt to replicate effects of a condition b) similar conditions generate
similar levels and trends within (intra participant replication) and across (inter participant
replication) participants in a study. a minimum of three demonstrations of behavior
change is required to establish experimental control
magnitude - answer- if a functional relation is present, this, or amount of behavior
change may be of interest. magnitude of effect is assessed by comparing the amount
and consistency of change across conditions and cases within a study that is directly
attributed to the intervention.
, systematic process for conducting visual analysis - answer- 1. adequate number of data
points within conditions to establish data patterns.
2. clear patterns within conditions in level, trend, or stability
3. behavior change between adjacent conditions in level, trend, and/or variability
4. degree of overlap and immediacy of change in data patterns across adjacent
conditions
5. consistency of changes across conditions and cases
6. predicted patterns of change
7. magnitude of change across conditions and cases
visual analysis requires a plan - answer- a) deciding how often data will be graphed
b) considering how data will be graphically displayed
c) determining which data characteristics will be the focus of within and between
condition analyses
d) identifying design related criteria that will impact visual analysis
determining a schedule for graphing data, you should - answer- a) ensure data are
graphed regularly enough to inform decision making with respect to implementing the
design as planned and b) identify relevant threats to internal validity that can be
detected visually
identifying design related criteria - answer- a) minimum number of sessions per
condition and b) explicit criteria for changing conditions
summative analysis should focus on - answer- a) within condition data patterns were
stable b) hypothesized between condition shifts in data patterns were detected and c)
these shifts consistently co occurred with each change in condition
split middle method - answer- a tool that can be used to estimate trend within conditions
and compare trends between conditions.
these are most useful when within condition trends or between condition changes in
trend are of primary interest and data show moderate or high variability within
conditions.
stability envelopes - answer- can be used to estimate stability in level or trend within
conditions. the primary advantage of this is to ensure consistency in experimental
decisions related to data stability.
percentage of non overlapping data - answer- may be used to estimate level change
between two adjacent conditions. the higher the PND, the more consistent and abrupt
the level change between adjacent conditions. a PND of 100% indicates no overlap in
the ranges of values between two adjacent conditions.
baseline logic - answer- serves as the foundation for all single case design research. all
SCDS are mere extensions of the basic A-B paradigms, wherein behavior is measured
repeatedly across two adjacent conditions: baseline (A) and intervention (B).
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