Comprehensive notes of UBC course PSYC306A. Notes include topics: Evolution and natural selection, Scientific method (mobbing in Gulls), Levels of analysis (birdsongs), Spatial learning, Development of behavior, Interactive theory of development and the Role of genes (honeybees), Developmental home...
,•
Evolution and Natural Selection : Sept 15,2020
Human
beings developed from earlier species of animals
-
.
if i
Evolution by natural selection happen
°
can
① Variation members i
of a
species differ in some of their characteristics .
( ex .
ladybug color patterns)
② Hereditary -
.
parents are able to pass on some of their distinctive characteristics to their
offspring
③ Differences in reproductive success
-
. some individuals have more surviving offspring than others in the
population , due to distinctive characteristics .
Natural selection
•
i
act primarily individuals
-
on .
-
group selection is rare ( species , group , population)
-
traits are not present for the good of the species i
① Social pathology hypothesis
-
. infanticide is
↳ ex .
infanticide by male langur monkeys abnormal pathological response to overcrowding
,
in areas where they are fed by humans . Non -
erol .
-
males fight to monopolize reproduction
with the females .
-
it the dominant male of the
group is replaced , ② Population regulation hypothesis infanticide prevents :
the dominant male will spend much of its
new
time and energy
trying to kill the infants of the langur group from becoming too big Evolutionary .
group
group selection
.
.
-
females often join forces to fight and defend infants .
Scientific Method i ③ Quicker reproduction
hypothesis infanticide
° -
. boosts
①Observation ② Question →
→ ③ Hypothesis → ⑨ Prediction reproductive success of new dominant male . When
t lactating infant is killed its mother
, might resume
⑥ Theory ←
⑤ Test
her reproductive cycle sooner and thus become
3
ways to study animal behavior
• -
impregnated sooner by the new dominant male
.
.
① Observational method observe e record w/o manipulation Evolutionary
:
individual selection
.
.
-
② Experimental method manipulate IV ↳ Mobbing in Gulls :
:
.
③ Comparative method -
.
compare results ① Observation aggressive :
behavior during nesting season .
→
ancestral species ② Question : does aggressive behavior inc .
reproductive success
→ extant currents species ③ Hypothesis : predator distraction hypothesis i distract
physiological predators to increase survival offspring
④ anatomical , ,
behavioral but mostly DNA . ⑨ Prediction egg hunting -
.
-
crows prey on
eggs .
⑤ Experimental test i manipulate 2 variable
↳ placed chicken eggs near nest .
egg inside colony attack on
-
→ crow .
, Sept It , 2020
°
Levels of Analysis : the cause of
any behavior
°
Birdsong si
p for mating
"
can be understood at 4 levels of analysis ( unlearned ) but
"
all birds have calls only song
-
. -
birds learn true
" "
songs
① Ultimate : phylogeny
.
and function
song dialects
.
↳ diff regions → diff .
② Proximate development
-
. and immediate causation -
④ White crowned sparrow
-
.
birds from diff have diff
regions sequences
-
.
a
Proximate :D diff regions → diff genetics
② environmental influence
o isolation experiment i -
collected eggs ( males )
-
raised in soundproof chambers .
④ 150 days strange songs but i
similar to normal .
i
-
need environment to learn .
-
played tape of dialect from
diff region → can 't learn other
species song from tape .
I only live)
② ③ ⑨ ④ old birds didn't learn .
•
can learn songs of own and diff dialect b/w 10-50
days
but not of a diff species ( but once learned own song ,
.
°
What causes animal behavior ? they can learn tones of diff
species I
10 50 days learn and encode 150 days
sings 200A sing full song
° -
: →
- -
. .
'
④ WCSP males could learn live strawberry finches (other species)
song if interacted visually and vocally .
( tutored i can learn
other species song even after 50 day period)
e
In the wild some adult WPCS males will change
.
song slightly
to match WPCS neighbors .
. What causes prairie voles to be monogamous ?
④ Proximate cause
-
.
④ fnaeIw
votes
monogamous (normal )
→
non -
more
vasopressin ( Via )
R
male voles : receptors for bonding
-
T
-
monogamous : high in ventral pallidum
-
non -
monogamous i high in lateral septum y
less
bonding
② Development
-
.
DNA elements that affect
genetics : regulatory
-
receptor
expression
④ Ultimate
.
cause :
③ Phylogeny evolutionary change
:
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